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Pigeon aviadenovirus A and Pigeon circovirus are both DNA viruses, infect and cause severe clinical diseases in pigeons. These viruses are associated with an immunosuppression syndrome similar to 'Young Pigeon Disease Syndrome' (YPDS). This study reports the identification of a natural co-infection, with severe clinical signs (crop vomiting, watery diarrhoea, anorexia and sudden death) of Pigeon aviadenovirus A and Pigeon circovirus in a breeding pigeon flock in Central Anatolia, Turkey. Both viruses were isolated from pigeons pooled internal organs using primary chicken embryo kidney cell cultures (CEKC) and specific pathogen-free (SPF) embryonated chicken eggs. Also, both viruses were identified by PCR amplification followed by Sanger sequencing whereas histopathological examination showed degenerated hepatocytes with basophilic intranuclear viral inclusions. As known, both viruses typically have similar transmission characteristics and common clinical manifestations; however, coinfection may exacerbate the disease with devastating outcomes. This is the first report of its kind in Turkey for those viruses and is essential for the protection against these kinds of infections in pigeons.

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This study investigated the progressive and regressive phases of bovine papillomavirus (BPV)-1-induced papilloma and fibropapilloma in terms of the distribution of viral antigenicity; E2, E5, and E6 gene activity and expression; and apoptosis (evaluated using DNA in situ fragmentation). All samples from 74 bovine cases of cutaneous lesions with suspected neoplastic changes collected from different skin areas were evaluated. The lesions were diagnosed as papilloma or fibropapilloma using routine hematoxylin–eosin and Mallory’s trichrome staining protocols. Feulgen reactions suggested a possible viral entity, and BPV-1 antigenicity was immunohistochemically observed in 22 cases. E gene expression in neoplastic tissues was evaluated using chromogenic in situ hybridization and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and the TUNEL method was used to evaluate DNA in situ fragmentation. Differences between progressive and regressive phases in these lesions were analyzed. Ultimately, the number of cases in the progressive phase (18) and regressive phase (4) were determined. Although E2 and E5 gene expression was observed in both phases, E6 gene distribution differed from the other E genes distribution in the progressive phase. E5 gene expression appeared stronger in oncogenic fibrocytes and fibroblasts, whereas E2 and E6 gene expression was weaker in epidermal cells and cells in the regressive phase. Apoptosis, considered the best indicator of neoplastic regression, was found to be associated with the regressive phase but was observed insufficiently in epidermal and dermal samples of the progressive-phase cases. In conclusion, this work provides significant insights on the molecular and immunopathological features of BPV-1.

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Background: The aim of study was to compare macroscopical and histopathological findings between venoms be-longing to two scorpion species, Androdoctonus crassicauda, and the newly discovered Leirus abdullahbayrami. Methods: The animals used in this experimental study were fifteen New Zealand bred rabbits. Three groups were constituted as group I (L. abdullahbayrami group, n= 6), group II (A. crassicauda group, n= 6) and group III (control group, n= 3). The animals in the L. abdullahbayrami group and the A. crassicauda group were envenomed through an intravenous route. The rabbits were monitored for the first 24h following the envenomation. The animals dead within that time period were examined and all animals were sacrificed and standard necropsy process was performed at 24h. Results: The pathomorphological findings from group I were found to be more severe than those observed in group II. The venom from the newly identified L. abdullahbayrami has a greater effect than the venom from the A. crassicauda. Moreover, as this was a rabbit modeling study, the L. abdullahbayrami might pose the most serious health threat to infants in particular due to their smaller body weight. Conclusion: These findings will provide a better understanding of envenomation of human beings in terms of the possible consequences of scorpion toxication on the organs.