This study presents to what extent Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University students are knowledgeable about cybersecurity in the distance education process. The survey was conducted with a sample of 517 students from all faculties of the university at the undergraduate, graduate, and PhD levels. Our research study shows that although huge numbers of cyberattacks are occurring around the world, the students did not have any knowledge about cybersecurity and the effects of cyberattacks overall. An analysis of cybersecurity awareness was undertaken by asking questions focused on malicious software, password security, and social media security. Although we live in an age of technology where our entire lives are indexed to the internet through the distance education process, it has been determined that students have a weak cybersecurity awareness. It has been further concluded that cybersecurity education should be given to prevent the students from becoming a victim of cyberattacks, helping them to use the internet more effectively.
Uluslararası toplum tarih boyunca birçok savaş ve çatışma yaşamış ve Birleşmiş Milletler'in (BM) kuruluşuna kadar uluslararası arenada kuvvet kullanımını yasaklanamamıştır. Her ne kadar BM tarafından uluslararası ilişkilerde güç kullanımı yasaklanmış olsa da uluslararası toplum hala dünyanın bazı bölgelerinde birçok çatışma ve savaş yaşamaktadır. Ayrıca, uluslararası ilişkilerde kuvvet kullanımı yasaklansa da ortaya çıkacak savaş/ların ve çatışma/ların sınırlarını belirlemek de önemli bir konu olmaktadır. Bu çerçevede oluşturulan Silahlı Çatışma Hukuku, bu çizgileri gereklilik, insaniyet ve onur ilkeleri altında belirlemiştir. Bu makalede, bu ilkeler analiz edilerek, aralarındaki ilişki detaylandırılacak ve bu üç ilkenin neden Silahlı Çatışma Hukukunun temel prensipleri arasında yer aldığı analiz edilecektir.
With the dissemination of the use of factories and open market principals in the 18th and 19th centuries, people and states started to reach products easily. Although this process eased life, it affected severely nature and human life. More than half-century international communities, like the United Nations (UN), tried to find solutions to tackle poverty, environmental problems, and scarcity of resources. In 1987 Brundtland Commission report explained the need for united development and environment which then called sustainable development. In the following years, with the increase of fears from the terroristic threats and environmental disasters, Millennium Development Goals (MDG) were published by the UN in 2000 along with 22 nongovernmental organizations with the aim of providing decent lives and protecting the environment. However, MDG was not successful in fulfilling its targets, so at the concluding of it, set of new goals called as Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) were agreed to be implemented under 2030 Agenda with wider-pattern and human-centred approach. Despite SDGs broad approach to the subject, there are still incontrovertible lacks between targets and policies and therefore the main aim of this article is to analyze the short comparison between the MDGs and the SDGs effectiveness and explain why more concrete policies and decentralized mechanisms are needed to accomplish goals.
The concept of human rights has been issued since the seventeenth century in the international community. Human rights during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were evaluated under the sovereignty. Abuse of human rights are the main problem in the states, although the states are responsible to protect any individual who lives in its territory. Although states have responsibility to protect their citizens or other people from any threat or human rights abuses, states are the main violator of the human rights. There is a dilemma in the human rights in terms of states responsibility and its role. Therefore, the main aim of this article is to identify and examine the human rights and states paradoxes. ÖZET İnsan Hakları kavramı 17. yüzyıldan bu yana uluslararası toplumun konularından birisidir. 17. ve 18. yüzyıllar sırasında insan hakları devletin egemenlik hakları altında değerlendirilmekteydi. Devletler kendi toprakları içerisinde yaşayan her bireyi korumakla yükümlü ve sorumlu olmasına rağmen, insan hakları ihlalleri devletlerin ana problemlerinden birisi olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Ayrıca, devletler kendi vatandaşlarını ve ülke sınırları içerisindeki diğer insanları korumakla sorumlu olmasına rağmen, devletler insan haklarını ihlal eden en temel kurumdur. Bunun nedeni ise devletin insan hakları üzerindeki sorumluluğu ve rolü üzerindeki ikilemden kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu makalenin temel amacı insan haklarını ve devletlerin paradokslarını tanımlayarak bunları sorgulamaktır.
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