The study was aimed to examine a snail organic culture system and describe the cultivation properties of Cornu aspersum. The environmental parameters of the culture system and their effects on the growth and mortality rates of C. aspersum were determined between November 2014-October 2015. Snails were fed Spinacia sp. (spinach), Urtica sp. (nettles), Brassica oleracea sp (cabbage) and formulated diet. The feeding and growth rates increased with increasing temperature. Shell height growth rate was the highest in spring while the live weight growth rate was the highest in summer. Mortality rate of the baby snail was higher between November 2014 and May 2015 due to stress conditions such as handling and varying temperatures during their first stages of life. High mortality observed in adults could be associated with the spawning activity of the matured snails that caused physiological exhaustion. The result showed that the best culture cycle for C. aspersum was from spring to autumn in Black Sea region and in order to prevent postreproductive mortality, snails reached to marketable size should be harvested.
Chalky spot damage on red lentil is the most important problem waiting for a solution regarding plant health at lentil cultivation in Southeast Anatolia Region, Turkey. The stink bugs, Piezedorus lituratus (F.) and Dolycorus baccarum L. were subjected to trials in cages and in sprayed and unsprayed plot trials in open lentil fields and fields containing windrowed lentils after harvesting. The study revealed that P. lituratus and D. baccarum feeding on red lentil caused chalky spot damage. Average damage to lentil seeds caused by P. lituratus was 13% and 7.8% and by D. baccarum was 4.9% and 2% in 2010 and 2011, respectively. There was a positive relation between P. lituratus density and chalky spot damage (r =0.788, r 2 =0.621, P=0.000). The study also showed that after the harvesting, the stink bugs gathered under windrowed lentils and continued feeding and causing chalky spot damage. The damage in unsprayed windrowed lentils (6.60%) was approximately 12-fold higher than that in sprayed windrowed lentils (0.57%). Study suggests conduction of future work on environmental friendly control methods of stink bugs and alternative harvesting methods.
The species of Cicadellidae, Cixiidae and Delphacidae (Hemiptera) on Karacadag rice and the effects of weeds on their populations were investigated in Diyarbakir and Sanliurfa provinces between 2010-2012. For specimen collection, sweep net and D.vac were used, and randomized complete block desing were employed by hanging yellow sticky traps for monitoring the populations of fluctations and densities of Cicadellidae and Delphacidae family in weedy and unweeded plots. A total of 17 species including 10 species belonging to Cicadellidae family, 3 species Ciixiidae and 4 species from Delphacidae were determined. The most abundant and common species were recorded to be Agallia harrarensis Melichar, 1911 and Empoasca sp., from Cicadellidae, Tachycixius desertorum (Fieber, 1876) and Hyalesthes obsoletus Signoret 1865 from Cixiidae, Laodelphax striatellus (Fallen), Sogotella vibix from Delphacidae family. It was determined that the weeds in rice increased the population of cicadellid and while 71.4% of individuals was captured from weedy plots, 28.6% was obtained from unweeded plots. The population of Delphacidae and Cixiidae were recorded slightly higher in weedy plots The population densities of Cicadellidae and Delphacidae began to increase starting from vegetative stage and reached to pick level at generative-maturity stage. It is suggested that the control of weeds must be performed strictly and to be considered in rice cultivated areas.
This two-year study was aimed at determining the efficacy of different sampling methods in pest monitoring of direct seeded rice in southeastern Anatolia, Turkey. Four direct seeded rice fields were selected in Sanliurfa and Diyarbakir provinces and insect species were monitored at four different BBCH rice growth stages (i.e., 21-39, 41-49, 51-69 and 71-89) with two different sampling methods (D-Vac and sweep net). The highest density of insects belonging to Tipulidae family was observed at Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt and Chemical industry (BBCH) 21-39 growth stage the both years of the study. Similarly, the highest density of Phloeothripidae species was noted during BBCH 71-89 growth stage during 1st year and BBCH 21-39 growth stage during 2nd year of the study. Likewise, the highest density for Tettigonidae insects was recorded at BBCH 51-69 growth stage during both years. The greatest density of Acrididae family was recorded at BBCH 41-649 growth stage during both years of study. Overall, D-Vac sampling method trapped higher number of insects belonging to Tipulidae and Acrididae families, whereas sweep net method trapped higher number of insects belonging to Tettigonidae and Phloeothripidae families. It is concluded that D-Vac sampling method can be used for sampling Tipulidae and Acrididae insect species infesting rice in the future studies.
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