Objectives: It was aimed to research pulmonary functionsof sedentary males and athletes who engaged in differentindividual sports branches in the same age group.Methods: 50 male athletes in 15-16 age group in the starcategory participated from each of the branches of judo,athletics, wrestling, taekwondo, table tennis and swimmingand 50 sedentary males participated as well; beingin total 350 subjects. Among respiratory functions tests;vital capacity (VC), forced vital capacity (FVC) and maximumvoluntary ventilation (MVV) values were measured.Results were compared.Results: As a result of measurement, VC values of wrestlers,swimmer and taekwondo athletes were significantlyhigher than the values of sedentary males in statisticalsize (p<0.05 and p<0.01). VC values of swimmers weresignificantly higher than athletes of judo, track and fieldand table tennis athletes (p<0.01). It was determinedthat FVC and FEV1 values of swimmers and wrestlershave significantly higher values than sedentary subjects(p<0.05). FVIC values of swimmers were significantlyhigher than athletes, table tennis players and sedanters(p<0.05 and p<0.01). MVV values of swimmers were significantlyhigher than judo, track and field and table tennisathletes (p<0.05). When the respiration rate (RR) was analyzed,RR value of table tennis players were significantlyhigher than wrestlers (p<0.05).Conclusion: As a result it was determined that respiratoryfunctions were higher among subjects who do exercisecompared to those who do not. That the respiratoryparameters of athletes doing exercise from differentbranches of star category are higher than those who donot shows the effect of training on respiratory system. Inaddition to this, the difference of respiratory functions betweenbranches shows that the sport branch influencesthe respiratory capacity.Key words: Respiratory functions, athletes, sport branches

This study aims to evaluate hand grip strength with respect to handedness in Turkish male and female athletes. Data were collected from 268 female and 1,234 male participants. There was no signifi cant diff erence between right-and left-hand grip strength only in male left-handers. Right-hand grip strength was greater than left-hand grip strength without regard to handedness in both genders, but left-handed athletes had stronger non-dominant hands.Most daily and some sporting activities require strong concentric contractions of fl exor muscles of the forearms and hands. Hence, hand grip strength is one of the stronger predictors for general body strength ( Mathiowetz, Kashman, Volland, Weber, Dowe & Rogers, 1985 ;Bassey & Harries, 1991 ;Fraser, Vallow, Preston, & Cooper, 1999 ;Groslambert, Nachon, & Rouillon, 2002 ;Häger-Ross & Rösblad, 2002 ). These muscles are frequently used in sports including basketball, handball, baseball, judo, wrestling, tennis, and football. Hand grip strength is necessary for success in these sports, depending on the amount of hand usage as well as the athlete's hand preference.Fewer people have a stronger left-hand preference than right-hand preference. Far more people are classifi ed as right-handed ( Bechtol, 1954 ;Tan, 1988 ). Hand grip strength is strongly associated with physical activity; e.g., heavy manual workers have greater hand grip strength than offi ce workers ( Josty, Tyler, Shewell, and Roberts, 1997 ;Nevill & Holder, 2000 ). Bechtol (1954 ) reported a signifi cant diff erence of 10% between hand grip strength in dominant and nondominant hands.The ratio of left-handers has been reported as higher in trained and elite athletes in diff erent sports including rock climbing, handball, baseball, tennis, fencing, cricket, boxing, and wrestling, in contrast to the sedentary population ( McLean & Ciurczak, 1982 ;Azemar, Ripoll, Simonet, & Stein, 1983 ;Bisiacchi, Ripoll, Stein, Simonet, & Azemar, 1985 ;Maughan, Abel, Watson, & Weir, 1986 ;Wood & Aggleton, 1989 ;Margonato, Roi, Cerizza, & Galdab, 1994 ;Holtzen, 2000 ;Grant, Hasler, Davies, Aitchison, Wilson, & Whittaker, 2001 ;Leyk, Gorges, Ridder, Wunderlich, Rüther, Sievert, & Essfeld, 2007 ;Gürsoy, 2008 ;Ziyagil, Gürsoy, Dane, & Yüksel, 2010 ). Left-handedness seems to have some advantage in sport (e.g., Loffi ng, Hagemann, & Strauss, 2012 ): almost 50% of the most successful 2003 cricket World Cup athletes were left-handed ( Brooks, Bussière, Jennions, & Hunt, 2004 ). Left-handers might have an innate neurologic advantage compared to right handers, possibly because of superior spatio-motor skills ( Annett, 1985 ;Geschwind & Galaburda, 1985 ; Dane & Erzurumluoglu, 2003 ).

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ÖZETBu çalışma 12 haft alık basketbol antrenman programının, eğiti lebilir seviyede olan zihinsel engelli çocukların bazı motorik özelliklerine etkisini incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştı r. Çalışmaya özel eğiti m okullarında eğiti m gören eğiti lebilir zihinsel engelli 12 öğrenci (9 erkek, 3 kadın) (yaş; 10,25 ± 1,60 yıl) katı lmıştı r. Basketbol antrenman programı uygulanmadan önce deneklerin boy ve vücut ağırlıklarıyla birlikte bazı motorik özellikleri (kavrama kuvveti , esneklik, dikey sıçrama, görsel basit reaksiyon zamanı, 20m sürat koşusu ve denge) ölçülmüştür. Denekler, 12 haft a boyunca, haft ada 2 gün ve günde 1 saat olmak üzere basketbol antrenmanı yapmışlardır. 12 haft a sonrasında ilk ölçümler tekrarlanmıştı r. Antrenman öncesi ve sonrası verileri karşılaştı rmak için Wilcoxon Eşleşti rilmiş İki Örneklem Testi kullanılmıştı r. Yapılan istati sti ksel analiz sonucunda, deneklerin 12 haft a sonrası 20 m koşu zamanı, kavrama kuvveti , esneklik, dikey sıçrama, reaksiyon zamanı ve denge değerlerinin istati sti ksel açıdan anlamlı düzeyde iyileşti ği görülmüştür. Araştı rma sonuçlarına göre basketbol antrenmanına katı lan eğiti lebilir engelli çocukların performansları artmıştı r. Bu bağlamda, eğiti lebilir seviyede zihinsel engelli çocuğa sahip aileler, çocuklarının bu tür programlara katı lımlarını sağlayarak onların motorik özelliklerinin gelişimine katkıda bulunabilir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Basketbol antrenmanı, eğiti lebilir zihinsel engelli, motorik özellik INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF BASKETBALL TRAINING ON MOTORIC SKILLS OF THE EDUCABLE MENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN ABSTRACTThis study was conducted to examine the effect of 12-week basketball training program on motoric skills of mentally educable retarded children. 12 educable mentally retarded students studying in special education schools (9 male, 3 female) (age; 10.25± 1.60 years) participated in the study. Prior to application of the basketball training program; height, body weight and some motoric skill values (grip strength, flexibility, vertical jump, simple visual reaction time, 20m sprint and balance) were measured. Basketball training program was applied to the subjects for 12 weeks, 2 days a week and 1 hour per day. The first measurements were repeated after 12 week. Pre and post test data were compared by Wilcoxon test. Results of the statistical analysis showed that 20m running time, grip strength, flexibility, vertical jump, reaction time and balance values improved at statistically significant levels after 12 weeks. According to the results of the study; basketball training increased the performance of educable mentally retarded children. In this context, families who have educable mentally retarded children can contribute to the development of their motoric skills and social relationships by providing participation of their children in such programs.

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