In the food industry, rheological properties, such as viscosity, shear rate, and shear stress, are the most important parameters required in the design of a technological process. Therefore, in this study, we determined the flow behavior and the time-dependent flow properties of Turkish Delight (TD) in the temperature range of 25-75°C using a capillar rheometer. The structure and thermal properties of TD were investigated by XRD and a simultaneous DTA/TG analysis. The shear rate values ranged from 5 to 300s-1. We found that: (i) TD behaved as non- Newtonian pseudoplastic foodstuff; (ii) while the measurement temperature increased, viscosity decreased; and (iii) TD was a rheopectic material. The effect of temperature on viscosity was described by means of the Arrhenius equation. The activation energies for the flow of pseudoplastic TD varied from 50.1-74.2 kJ/mol, depending on shear rate. Three models were used to predict the flow behavior of TD, namely, the Power law, Bingham and Casson models. The Power law model adequately described well the flow behavior of TD at different temperatures.
ÖzSözlü ve yazılı sınavlar, öğretimde ölçme ve değerlendirmenin araçlarındandır. Sınavların içeriğini, müfredatta belirlenen konular oluşturur. Bu konular doğrultusunda yazılmış ders kitapları, öğrencilerin öğrenme sürecindeki temel kaynaklarındandır. Aynı zamanda bu kitaplar, sınavlarda sorulan soruların hem bilgisini içerir hem de çerçevesini belirler. Bununla birlikte, öğrencilere sınavlarda yardımcı olmak üzere yazılmış kitaplar da vardır. Ders kitapları, temel kaynak; diğerleri, yardımcı kaynaktır. 1930'lu yılların ilk yarısında basılmış olan "edebiyat bakalorya kitapları", hem dönemin edebiyat öğretimini ve ölçme değerlendirme sistemini yansıtmaları hem de yardımcı kaynak olarak belirginleşmeleri bakımından dikkat çekicidir. Ayrıca bu kitapların edebiyat el kitabı gibi tasarlanması da onları önemli kılmaktadır. Bu makalede, önce 1930'lu yıllardaki edebiyat öğretiminin çerçevesini belirleyen gelişmeler hakkında bilgi verilecek; ardından da anılan yıllarda yayımlanmış ve bugüne kadar üzerinde durulmamış "edebiyat bakalorya kitapları", Türk edebiyatı öğretimindeki rolleri yönünden değerlendirilecektir. Değerlendirmede kitapların hazırlanış yöntemi, içeriği ve yazarlarının tutumuna yoğunlaşılacaktır. AbstractOral and written exams are tools of assessment and evaluation in teaching. The content of the exams is defined in the curriculum. Textbooks written in line with these subjects are the primary sources of learning process of students. These books contain both information and the frame of the questions asked in the exams. However, there are some other printed references to prepare students for the exams, that is supplementary sources. The 'literary baccalaureate books' published in the first half of the 1930s are striking in terms of both reflecting the period's literary teaching and assessment system and becoming a reference or a supplementary book. Moreover, these books were designed as literary handbooks, which also makes them important. This article will firstly give some information about the development that defines the frame of literature teaching in the 1930s, and then the 'literary baccalaureate books' which were published in the mentioned years and which have not been examined so far will be evaluated in terms of their role in the teaching Turkish literature. The evaluation part will focus on the method and content of the books and the attitude of the authors as well.
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