The Covid-19 pandemic has led to an increase in public debt in most countries. This will increase fiscal pressure in the future. We study how the shape of the optimal nonlinear income tax schedule is affected by this increase in fiscal pressure. We calibrate the workhorse optimal income tax model to five European countries: France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK. We apply the inverse-optimum approach to the pre-Covid-19 economies. We then ask how the schedule of marginal and average tax rates should be optimally adjusted to the increase in fiscal pressure. For all countries, we find that the increase in fiscal pressure leads to a less progressive optimal tax schedule both in terms of marginal and average tax rates.
After developed communities have implemented their agricultural and industrial phases, they will pass on information phase which will be inevitable.Managing this phase succesfully will contribute to confidence index, which states call it as "social capital". In this study, the concept social capital and information society will be mentioned.Moreover ,explaining the effects of the information society over social capital, the policy how Turkey have managed or will manage will also be mentioned.
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