In this study, in order to control the voltage of the Western System Coordinating Council (WSCC) system, a sliding mode control has been used. First, the active and reactive power values, voltage and angle values of the loadbuses have been calculated. The load-buses which their voltage levels are lower than 1 pu has been identified. After that, by considering one of these load-buses, the system is transformed to the system with two load-buses and the sliding mode control model has been obtained. The sliding mode parameters have been obtained by using genetic algorithm (GA) optimization technique. From the results of simulations of this model, it is shown that the voltage of the load-buses reaches at 1 pu with a very low error.

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Original scientific paper Harmonics are one of the important factors in determining the energy quality in power systems. Hence, eliminating or damping undesired harmonics is crucial in electrical power systems. Due to their low costs, Passive Power Filters (PPF) are widely used in industrial power systems to limit harmonics' undesired affects. In this study, a new approach to design a PPF for power systems using heuristic Gravitational Search Algorithms (GSA) is proposed. Traditional Try and Error (TAE) method is, first, utilized to eliminate harmonics in our model power system. Then, GSA is adopted to minimize the effective current value of Point of Common Coupling (PCC) in the same model system. Our results yield that our proposed method with GSA eliminates the harmonics effectively. Keywords: GSA; Passive Power Filters; power systems harmonicsPristup projektiranju pasivnih energetskih filtara za industrijske energetske sustave primjenom algoritama za istraživanje gravitacije Izvorni znanstveni članak Harmonike su jedan od najvažnijih čimbenika pri određivanju kvalitete energije u energetskim sustavima. Stoga je odstranjivanje ili prigušivanje nepoželjnih harmonika od bitne važnosti u elektroenergetskim sustavima. Zahvaljujući niskoj cijeni, pasivni energetski filtri -Passive Power Filters (PPF) uvelike se koriste u industrijskim energetskim sustavima u svrhu ograničenja neželjenih učinaka harmonika. U ovom se radu predlaže novi pristup projektiranju PPF-a za energetske sustave koji primjenjuju heurističke algoritme za istraživanje gravitacije -Gravitational Search Algorithms (GSA). Najprije se, u svrhu eliminiranja harmonika u našem modelu energetskog sustava, primijenila tradicionalna metoda pokušaja i greške -Try and Error (TAE) method. Zatim su se primijenili GSA da bi se smanjila efektivna vrijednost struje u Point of Common Coupling (PCC) u sustavu istog modela. Rezultati pokazuju da naša predložena metoda s GSA učinkovito odstranjuje harmonike.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop new four-dimensional (4D) hyperchaotic system by adding another state variable and linear controller to three-dimensional T chaotic dynamical systems. Its dynamical analyses, circuit experiment, control and synchronization applications are presented. Design/methodology/approach A new 4D hyperchaotic attractor is achieved through a simulation, circuit experiment and mathematical analysis by obtaining the Lyapunov exponent spectrum, equilibrium, bifurcation, Poincaré maps and power spectrum. Moreover, hardware experimental measurements are performed and obtained results well validate the numerical simulations. Also, the passive control method is presented to make the new 4D hyperchaotic system stable at the zero equilibrium and synchronize the two identical new 4D hyperchaotic system with different initial conditions. Findings The passive controllers can stabilize the new 4D chaotic system around equilibrium point and provide the synchronization of new 4D chaotic systems with different initial conditions. The findings from Matlab simulations, circuit design simulations in computer and physical circuit experiment are consistent with each other in terms of comparison. Originality/value The 4D hyperchaotic system is presented, and dynamical analysis and numerical simulation of the new hyperchaotic system were firstly carried out. The circuit of new 4D hyperchaotic system is realized, and control and synchronization applications are performed.

The domestic architecture in the rural villages ofİzmir comprises a unique built environment with their masonry wall textures, semi-open sofas, round tiled-hipped roofs, and chimneys, and represents an important part of the cultural and architectural heritage. This assessment is mainly based on field observations that focus on the architectural and structural layout of intact, damaged, and destroyed houses. During field observation and the analysis of data certain plan typologies and relationships between the geological formations of the region and choice of materials and construction techniques were observed. While load-bearing masonry and timber skeleton systems are common, extensive use of timber laces, stone, and fired or adobe brick masonry with mud mortar and timber frames infilled with masonry materials were frequently seen. Generally, round timber elements such as wall plates, laces, lintels, posts, and frames of flooring systems are used. Architectural degenerations in authentic houses, defective details and partially due to the earthquake-prone nature of the region seismicity have been evaluated. An overall approach for the preservation and sustainability of this heritage is suggested.

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