Despite the widespread clinical use of cryotherapy, there is only limited and inconsistent data on application times. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in tissue temperature and the duration of this effect. In this experimental study, five adult dogs were used. A cold gel pack (10 x 20 cm) was applied transversally over the right leg femoral region. Temperatures were recorded simultaneously: rectal by a mercury thermometer; right leg skin by probe of Nihon Kohden 6000 polygraph; and right leg subcutaneous, intramuscular, and periosteal, and left leg intramuscular temperatures by a fluorooptic biomedical fiber optic (0.6 mm diameter) thermometer connected to a computer system. Total system accuracy was 0.01 degrees C. Cold gel packs were applied for 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 minutes duration. The results can be summarized as cooling and rewarming data. 1) The superficial tissues such as skin and subcutaneous demonstrated the most rapid and profound cooling effect. The deeper tissues such as bone and muscle exhibited a smaller and more gradual decline in temperature. 2) There was a prolonged rewarming period in all tissues after the removal of the cold gel pack but this period was longer in deeper tissues. According to cold gel pack application time, the rewarming time in intramuscular layers to baseline or plateau temperatures was about: 60 +/- 3 minutes for 10 minutes application, 100 +/- 4 for 15, 130 +/- 5 for 20, 140 +/- 7 for 25, and 145 +/- 8 for 30. It can be concluded from these results that with increased cold gel pack application time, deep tissue temperature decreased and the duration of cooling effect increased. However, the data indicated that the length of application time and the duration of cooling effect were not linearly related. Especially after 20 minutes of application this ratio decreased progressively. There may be implications of these results for clinical practice.
Introduction: Noise is defined as unwanted sounds and can cause psychological symptoms such as anxiety, restlessness, irritability, sleep disturbances and difficulty concentrating. Transportation noise represents a large majority of external noise that affects people in large cities. Professional drivers are the highest risk group. Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between noise pollution and, general psychological symptoms, quality of life in public transport drivers. Material and methods: Bus drivers of varying bus brands (F, O and P) were subjected in this study. SCL-90-R and SF-36 questionnaire were used to assess the presence and severity of psychiatric symptoms and quality of life. Sound level meter (Smart Sensor AR844) was used for noise pollution measurements (dB(A)) within the buses and city main streets. Results: F, O and P brand buses average 65.16 dB(A), 70.86 dB(A) and 75.33 dB(A) noise produces respectively. Especially, P brand minibus drivers were found to have worked under continuously high noise (75.33 dB(A), average 11.22 ±3.86 hours daily). According to psychiatric SCL-90-R and SF-36 assessments, observed psychiatric symptoms were more pronounced between the high noise exposed group than other groups (P< 0.001). Conclusion: Psychologies and quality of life of bus drivers were affected by the noise pollution and noise pollution had cause to serious psychological symptoms on drivers such as anxiety, depression, hostility, etc., and noise had negative effects over the quality of life in the east region of Turkey, particularly, when drivers were exposed for longer working periods and above certain values.
Noise pollution is a common health problem for developing countries. Especially highways and airports lead to noise pollution in different levels and in many frequencies. In this study, we focused on the effect of noise pollution in airports. This work aimed measurements of noise pollution levels in Van Ferit Melen (VFM) airport and effect of noise pollution over the immunoglobulin A, G, and M changes among VFM airport workers in Turkey. It was seen that apron and terminal workers were exposed to high noise (>80 dB(A)) without any protective precautions. Noise-induced temporary threshold shifts and noise-induced permanent threshold shifts were detected between the apron workers (p < 0.001) and terminal workers (p < 0.005). IgA values of apron terminal and control group workers were approximately the same in the morning and increased in a linear manner during the day. This increase was statistically significant (p < 0.001). IgG and IgM values of apron, terminal, and control group workers were approximately same in the morning. Apron and terminal workers IgG and IgM levels were increased until noon and then decreased until evening as compare to control group, but these changes were not statically significant (p > 0.05). These findings suggested that the noise pollution in the VFM airport could lead to hearing loss and changes in blood serum immunoglobulin levels of airport workers. Blood serum immunoglobulin changes might be due to vibrational effects of noise pollution. Airport workers should apply protective precautions against effect of noise pollution in the VFM airport.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the behavioral changes induced by 50 Hz Sinusoidal Magnetic Field (MF). 72 young adult male Wistar albino rats were used in the study. They were separated into two groups: Control group (C) n=36, MF group n=36. C animals were left in the same conditions with the MF group for 21 days but prevented or avoided any exposure to MF.Anxiety and stress related behavioral changes were investigated by elevated plus maze and holeboard systems. Just before being tested in the maze each animal was tested with the holeboard method in order to separate Qrected exploration behavior and locomotion activity changes from anxiety related behavior. Data was analyzed by unpaired "t" test on OXSTATPC software. In the holeboard system parameters there were no statistically significant dfferences between the two groups. The anxiety score. which was the ratio between the percentage of entries into open arms to the total time spent on the open arms in the elevated plus maze system, was used as a parameter to evaluate the anxiety related behavior. The anxiety scores of the groups were: C = 0.34 f 0.38. MF = 0.12 f 0.18 and MF group anxiety scores were significantly decreased when compared to C group (p <0.01).This results show that MF (50 Hz and 10 mT): can induce stress related anxious behavior in experimental conditions.
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