The optimal placement of Distributed Generation (DG) has attracted many researchers' attention recently due to its ability to obviate defects caused by improper installation of DG units, such as rise in system losses, decline in power quality, voltage increase at the end of feeders and etc. This paper presents a new advanced method for optimal allocation of DG in distribution systems. In this study, the optimum location of DG units is specified by introducing the power losses and voltage profile as variables into the objective function. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Clonal Selection Algorithm (CLONALG) are two methods which have been applied to optimize different objective functions in previous studies. In this paper, the Combination of Particle Swarm Optimization and Clonal Selection Algorithm (PCLONALG) is utilized as a solving tool to acquire superior solutions. Considering the fitness values sensitivity in PCLONALG process, it is necessary to apply load flow for decision making. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed technique is demonstrated for a typical distribution network and is compared with the PSO and CLONALG methods. The experimental results illustrate that the PCLONALG method has a higher ability in comparison with PSO and CLONALG, in terms of quality of solutions and number of iterations. The approach method has the preferences of both previous methods. Via immunity operation, the diversity of the antibodies is maintained and; the speed of convergence is ameliorated by operating particle swarm intelligence.
Objective: To investigate aerodynamic and laryngeal factors associated with place-dependent voice onset time (VOT) differences. Methods: The speech materials were /p∧, t∧, k∧/, each produced 15 times by 10 adult English speakers in the carrier phrase “say __ again”. The sound pressure level was targeted within a ±3 dB range. Intraoral air pressure (Po) was obtained using a buccal-sulcus approach. VOT, Po, maximum Po declination rate (MPDR), duration of the laryngeal devoicing gesture (LDG), occlusion duration, and the duration of the Po drop to baseline (atmosphere) to the onset of voicing (PDOV) were determined for each stop. Results: VOT was longer for the alveolar and velar stops compared to the bilabial stop. A constant LDG was observed for all stops regardless of place of articulation. Occlusion duration, however, was significantly shorter for the alveolar and velar stops compared to the bilabial stop. Aerodynamically, Po was greatest for the velar stop, intermediate for the alveolar stop, and smallest for the bilabial stop. MPDR index showed a slower rate of Po drop for the velar and alveolar stops compared with the bilabial stop. PDOV was found to be longer for /p/ than /t/ and /k/. Conclusion: Findings provide empirical evidence for the inter-related roles of Po, rate of Po change, and laryngeal factors in place-dependent variations of VOT.
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