Orthorombic tin (II) sulfide are synthesized by a simple and cost effective mechanochemical method in a high energy ball mill over different time scales. After the detailed characterization by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetricanalysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and EDX mapping, 2 hours milling time is found to be the optimum as anode in sodium-ion batteries. Later, electrochemical performances are investigated with regards to the binder type; sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC), sodium alginic acid (Na-alginate) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), in which the best performances are obtained with Na-alginate. Comprehensive electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements are pursued in order to examine the effect of binders. EIS tests of SnS anodes after Crate test reveal much bigger resistivity with PVdF binder than that of CMC and Na-alginate. Postmortem surface morphology analysis by means of SEMdemonstrates the self-healing properties of Na-alginate binder with no visible crack formation after cycles. As a whole, more than 300 mAh/g capacity is obtained over 60 cycle at C/5 current density without the help of carbon addition during the synthesis of the SnS composite.
Strategies are tailed to enhance the electro-active material capacity and cycle life of the sodium-ion batteries. Amongst electrode materials, metal-organic framework derived anode materials starts to stand out because of...
Silicon (Si) containing materials cannot be used in commercial lithium ion batteries due to the mechanical stress problem triggered by volume expansion during cycling. The high-volume change causes mechanical instability of Si anode materials during charging/discharging, resulting fast capacity fading. It is thought that piezoelectric materials can be a solution for the volume expansion problem because of their ability to generate electric field when pressure is applied on them. For this purpose, PZT-8 and PZT-5H type piezoelectric materials were mixed with silicon and multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) to obtain anode composites and tested electrochemically versus lithium metal. The piezoelectiric effect on the electrochemical activity of these anodes is investigated by preparing the anode composite without any piezoelectric material additive (Sample #3). At the end of the 50 charge/discharge cycles, the capacities reached 420 mAh/g, 300 mAh/g and 100 mAh/g for PZT-8-added, PZT-5H-added and no-PZT samples, respectively. These results showed that PZT addition improves capacity performance of Si-MWCNT anodes. Additionally, the obtained anode composites were characterized with X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.
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