linkage among actors. Access to market is difficult for a majority (88%) of the producers, and hence they sell bamboo culms and other product forms locally, mainly in roadside markets. Despite the inefficient value chains, 85% of the respondents indicated an increasing trend of demand for bamboo products. Market assessment for bamboo culms showed a price elasticity of demand, which is the change in quantity divided by change in price, up to Research AbstractEthiopia has an estimated one million hectares of natural bamboo forest, the largest in the African continent. Despite the versatile resource base and advanced bamboo utilization at a global scale, its great potential to enhance socio-economic and ecological development remains unrealized in Ethiopia. More importantly, recent observations in the country showed massive bamboo flowering followed by a death that urges management interventions. The objective of this study was to examine the socio-economic contribution of bamboo resources and typify their marketing value chain across major bamboo-growing and -marketing regions in Ethiopia, in order to promote its sustainable management. Structured questionnaires were administered to a total of 345 households to inspect the relative contribution of bamboo income to household economy. Participatory rural appraisal, key informant interviews, group discussions, market assessment, and field observations were made to understand the bamboo marketing system, actors involved, price trends, and factors affecting the bamboo value chain. Results show that crop and livestock production, forest management, and off-farm activities are major sources of income for respondent households. Fifty-three percent of the respondents reported bamboo income. Though it significantly varies across the study localities (p < 0.005), bamboo income contributed up to 11% of the annual cash income of the households, the lowest (3.4%) at Masha and the largest (38%) at Banja and Bahir Dar Zuria Districts. Positive and significant correlation was observed among cash incomes from bamboo, crop, petty trade, and other Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs). Producer farmers, village level traders, town and city wholesalers, small-and medium-scale bamboo processing and marketing firms, and town and city consumers are identified as major actors in the bamboo value chain. Fifty-five percent of the respondents indicated presence of poor horizontal and vertical Published: 23 November 2014 Ethnobotany Research & Applications 512www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol12/i1547-3465-12-511.pdf for technology innovation, upgrading and integrating the bamboo value chain, and promoting sustainable management of the resource base.

This study evaluated the effects of exclsoures (EXs) on restoring woody species diversity and carbon stocks over the adjacent degraded open grazing land (DOGL). Two proximate sites were purposively selected. Then, systematic sampling method was employed. A total of sixty plots were surveyed for both tree/shrub inventory and soil sampling purposes. Overall, 49 woody species belonging to 45 genera and 28 families were identified, it comprising 46 woody species in the EX and 26 woody species in the DOGL. Species richness, Shannon and Simpson diversity indices were significantly higher in the EXs than DOGL. The total carbon stock was significantly higher in EXs (61.3 Mg C ha À1 , it ranged from 54.3 to 68.3 Mg C ha À1) than DOGL (40.4 Mg C ha À1 , it ranged from 35.1 to 45.7 Mg C ha À1). The conversion of the DOGL to EXs enhanced soil organic carbon and aboveground biomass carbon stock by 38 and 197% at the age of 12 years, respectively. Woody species diversity, abundance and richness were positively correlated with biomass and soil organic carbon stocks. This study revealed that EXs assisted with enrichment planting can be considered as a viable woody species recovery and carbon sequestration strategy.

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is one of the most dangerous aquatic weeds for Lake Tana. To minimize invasion; biological, chemical and physical control methods can be used. Biological control based on the use of natural enemies of the weed to discourage its development was the best option. Plant pathogenic associated with naturally infected Faba bean by fungus was conducted at different sites with the objective of study the pathogen city indigenous fungi on water hyacinth to manage its spread on Lake Tana. Infected fungus plant samples were collected from three weredas (Amba Gyorgese, Dabat and Debarke) around Gondar at 20 Peasant association (PAs), The collection were done for infected Faba bean leaves and roots and isolated using Potato Dextrose Agar medium. Highest disease incidence per plant was recorded in water hyacinth plants using Using Modified Naseema et al. (2001) disease severity rating scale by inoculated with Rhizoctonia solani spp. Aspergillus flavus, Tricothcium roseum, Fusarium spp and Aspergillus niger show high moderate disease severity and tissue death at green house and pond level. Those fungus were released on September 2016 to prepared open pond at 16m 2 and water hyacinth was started severely attacked on November 2016, its disease incidence was 55% at 23˚C and humidity 39%, in December 2016 its disease incidence was 58.4% at humidity 31% and 23˚C, in January 2017 disease incidence was 65% at 26˚C and humidity 25% and in Feb 2017 not record disease incidence because all leaves are attacked and dry and Disease severity was 100%.However, in April 2017 due to the climate conditions becomes cold and rain the dried water hyacinth started make new shoot and at this time the disease severity was 90%. Some species of Fungi found in Faba bean leaf and root can eradicate the healthy water hyacinth at above 26˚C and at less than 25% Humidity.

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Volume and biomass equations are essential tools to determine forest productivity and enable forest managers to make informed decisions. However, volume and biomass estimation equations are scarce for Afromontane forests in Africa in general and Ethiopia in particular. This limits our knowledge of the standing volume of wood, biomass, and carbon stock of the forests therein. In this study, we developed a new mixed-species volume and biomass equations for Afromontane forests and compared them with generic pantropical and local models. A total of 193 sampled trees from seven dominant tree species were used to develop the equations. Various volume and biomass equations were fitted using robust linear and nonlinear regression. Model comparison indicated that the best model to estimate stem volume was How to cite this paper: