Abstract-Routing layer is one of the most important layers of the network stack. In wireless ad hoc networks, it becomes more significant because nodes act as relay nodes or routers in the network. This characteristic puts them at risk of routing attacks. A wormhole is the most treacherous attack on a routing layer of wireless ad hoc networks. The present proposed techniques require extra hardware, clock synchronization; or they make restrict assumption to deal with this attack. We have proposed a simple behavior-based approach which uses a small amount of memory for recording a few packets received and sent by the neighboring nodes. From this information, a behavior of these nodes is detected, that is, whether the behavior is benign or malicious. Nodes exhibiting malicious behavior are placed in the blocked node list. Malicious nodes are broadcasted in the network. None of the legal nodes in the network entertains any packet from these nodes. This approach has been simulated and verified in ns2.30 which detects and isolates wormhole nodes successfully. The current study focuses on the looping behavior of this attack.
Background: It is not an uncommon practice to report the prevalence and effects of mixed hypertension and isolated hypertension on that of a patient's well-being separately. Though such outcomes have been reported to be dissimilar by a number of studies, literature do not shed any light on whether the two types of hypertension i.e. Mixed and isolated differ from each other in their manifestations.
Prevalence of morbid obesity has increased dramatically world wide during past three decades. BNP a cardiac lipolytic hormone is found to be decreased in obese hypertensive and heart failure patients. Increasing values of BMI are associated with dyslipidemia. Objective: To find out the relationship of BNP with increasing values of BMI and individual serum lipid fractions in apparently healthy adult males. Study Design: Observational, cross-sectional study. Setting: Department of Physiology at Basic Medical Sciences Institute, Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Center, Karachi. Material & Methods: Study included 85 adult males, aged between 20-60 years. All were nonsmokers, non- diabetic, having no other chronic illness and not taking any lipid lowering therapy. Study participants were evaluated for lipid profile and divided into three groups for the calculated BMI values according to WHO and International Obesity Task Force. Brain NatriureticPeptide was assayed by AxSym technology. Results: Brain Natriuretic Peptide developed a negative correlation with BMI, total and LDLcholesterol and a positive relation with HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides. Conclusions: This study concluded that Brain Natriuretic Peptide is negatively related with increasing values of BMI and degree of dyslipidemia in apparently healthy adult males.
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