Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is classified into two biotypes based on its pathogenicity in cats: a feline enteric coronavirus of low pathogenicity and a highly virulent feline infectious
peritonitis virus. It has been suspected that FCoV alters its biotype via mutations in the viral genome. The S and 3c genes of FCoV have been considered the
candidates for viral pathogenicity conversion. In the present study, FCoVs were analyzed for the frequency and location of mutations in the S and 3c genes
from faecal samples of cats in an animal shelter and the faeces, effusions, and tissues of cats that were referred to veterinary hospitals. Our results indicated that approximately 95% FCoVs
in faeces did not carry mutations in the two genes. However, 80% FCoVs in effusion samples exhibited mutations in the S and 3c genes with remainder
displaying a mutation in the S or 3c gene. It was also suggested that mutational analysis of the 3c gene could be useful for studying the
horizontal transmission of FCoVs in multi-cat environments.
The tosylate (1) of tropone oxime undergoes a novel ring-opening reaction under mild conditions with secondary amines, alkoxides, and Grignard reagents affording stereoselectively 6-substituted (IZ,3Z,5Z)-hexa-l,3,5-trienecarbonitriles (2a-h) as sole products in high yields; these are easily converted into Z,Z,€-isomers (3a-h) with acids and further into €,€,€-isomers (4a-h) as the final form by stronger acid or by passing the solution over a column of alumina.
Lactoferrin (LF), known to be present in mammalian milk, has been reported to promote the proliferation of osteoblasts and suppress bone resorption by affecting osteoclasts. However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of human sources LF on osteoblast differentiation have not yet been elucidated, and almost studies have used LF from bovine sources. The presented study aimed to characterize the molecular mechanisms of bovine lactoferrin (IF-I) and human recombinant lactoferrin (LF-II) on MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast cells. MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with LF, ascorbic acid, and β-glycerophosphate (β-GP). Cell proliferation was analyzed using the MTT assay. Alkaline phosphatase activation and osteopontin expression levels were evaluated via cell staining and immunocytochemistry. The differentiation markers were examined using quantitative real-time PCR. The cell viability assay showed the treatment of 100 μg/mL LF significantly increased; however, it was suppressed by the simultaneous treatment of ascorbic acid and β-GP. Alizarin red staining showed that the 100 μg/mL treatment of LF enhanced calcification. Quantitative real-time PCR showed a significant increase in osterix expression. The results suggest that treatment with both LFs enhanced MC3T3-E1 cell differentiation and promoted calcification. The mechanisms of calcification suggest that LFs are affected by an increase in osterix and osteocalcin mRNA levels.
Heterocyclen mit einer ‐CONH‐ oder ‐CSNH ‐Struktur im Ring reagieren nach Überführung in die entsprechenden Trimethylsilylverbindungen (I), (IV) oder (VI) mit 1‐Chloradamantan (II) unter N‐ oder S‐Alkylierung.
Aus den Carbalkoxy‐thioformimidaten (I) entstehen mit Formylhydrazin (II) die Substitutionsprodukte (III), die um 170°C zu den Triazolen (IV) kondensiert werden.
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