Elution profiles of kynurenic acid (KYNA) and 7-chlorokynurenic acid (Cl-KYNA) were examined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a triazole-bonded stationary phase column (Cosmosil® HILIC) under isocratic elution of a mobile phase consisting of CH3 CN-aqueous 10 mm ammonium formate between pH 3.0 and 6.0. The capacity factors of KYNA and Cl-KYNA varied with both the CH3 CN content and the pH of the mobile phase. The elution order of KYNA and Cl-KYNA was reversed between the CH3 CN- and H2 O-rich mobile phases, suggesting that hydrophilic interactions and anion-exchange interactions caused retention of KYNA and Cl-KYNA in the CH3 CN- and H2 O-rich mobile phases, respectively. The present HPLC method using a triazole-bonded column and fluorescence detection (excitation 250 nm, emission 398 nm) was applied to monitor in vitro production of KYNA from d-kynurenine (d-KYN) by d-amino acid oxidase (DAO) using Cl-KYNA as an internal standard. A single KYNA peak was clearly observed after enzymatic reaction of d-KYN with DAO. Production of KYNA from d-KYN was suppressed by the addition of commercial DAO inhibitors. The present HPLC method can be used to evaluate DAO activity and DAO inhibitory effects in candidate drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia.
Introduction:Recently, the risk of flood disasters due to concentrated heavy rains has been increasing in Japan. While some cases of hospital evacuation have been reported, standards for hospital evacuation have not been established and regional administrative evacuation plans do not include medical facilities.Aim:To clarify the timeline for in-hospital vertical evacuation during a flood disaster.Methods:A timeline was set for vertical evacuation as criteria of the hospital’s emergency response based on the Arakawa River Downstream Timeline, which is an estimate of the time until river flooding based on the water level of the Arakawa River located near the facility. The timeline was calculated backward from 0 hours to when the river floods. A drill was held for verification.Results:The timeline was based on the water level of the Arakawa River and objective evidence of risky transfer of critical patients; therefore, the decision to evacuate was made when the water level reached a dangerous level (-3 hours). However, this did not provide enough time to evacuate patients in all hospital departments simultaneously, resulting in a shortage of human resources. There was a planned shutdown of the electronic clinical record system at 0 hours to avoid water damage and evacuation of its server, but three hours were not enough to prepare patient clinical summaries.Discussion:There is a need for greater and earlier preparation for evacuation to reduce or discharge patients who can leave the hospital when a flood disaster is predicted. Only in-hospital vertical evacuation was considered because it is very risky to transfer critical patients without an evacuation order from government or municipal officials. In fact, over 10,000 patients would need to be evacuated in the region if the Arakawa River floods. Therefore, a regional plan is indispensable for such large scale and simultaneous hospital evacuations.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.