We genotyped strawberry cultivars by two newly selected and two previously reported SSR markers. All four markers produced interpretable electropherograms from 75 accessions consisting of 72 Fragaria × ananassa cultivars or lines and three octoploid Fragaria species accessions. These SSR markers were highly polymorphic; in particular, one of the newly developed markers, FxaHGA02P13, was capable of distinguishing all of the accessions except for a mutant strain that was derived from another accession in the set. When two markers were combined, all 48 full-sib individuals could be distinguished. Fingerprinting patterns were reproducible between multiple samples, including the leaves, sepals, and fruit flesh of the same accession. Principal-coordinate analysis of the 75 accessions detected several groups, which reflect taxon and breeding site. Together with other available markers, these SSR markers will contribute to the management of strawberry genetic resources and the protection of breeders’ rights.
We analyzed sequence variation in chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) to investigate the origin of the cultivated strawberry, Fragaria ×ananassa. From analysis of two noncoding regions, trnL–trnF and trnR–rrn5, we found three haplotypes (V, C, and X) in F. ×ananassa. Haplotype V corresponded to the haplotype of F. virginiana and was possessed by cultivars bred over a wide geographic range, including North America, Europe, and Japan. Almost all the North American cultivars analyzed in this study possessed haplotype V, suggesting a founder effect. Haplotype C corresponded to the haplotype of F. chiloensis and was detected mainly in Japanese cultivars. Haplotype X was found in only two English cultivars. This haplotype was positioned as intermediate between haplotypes V and C in a median-joining network and was considered to be representative of the process of differentiation between F. virginiana and F. chiloensis. Results of controlled crosses indicate that cpDNA haplotypes of F. ×ananassa are maternally inherited. These results verify that F. ×ananassa is an interspecific hybrid between F. virginiana and F. chiloensis and indicate that traditional cultivars of F. ×ananassa have been derived from at least three maternal lineages. We demonstrate that the cpDNA variation detected in this study can be used to verify parentage and for extending hypotheses about June yellows, a leaf variegation disorder in strawberry.
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