Induced anti‐herbivore defences in plants can shape ecosystem structure and functions. Since these are known to be highly variable, quantifying their sources of variation remains important to understand their eco‐evolutionary roles. We conducted meta‐analysis of 647 experiments (paired control and treatment) from 192 studies to address sources of variation in induced anti‐herbivore defensive traits. This covered different agents of herbivory (insect, mammal and clipping), studies in greenhouse and in field settings, and covered 24 types of defence traits in 163 species from 50 families across 24 angiosperm orders. We used meta‐regression models—multi‐level random‐effects (MLREs) and robust variance estimators (RVEs)—to quantify variation due to study setting, herbivore type, chemical identity, angiosperm order, volatility, fertilization, and publication year as moderator variables. There were strong indications for publication bias in favour of large effect sizes, and studies with adequate sample size and precision were rare. Strength of induction was distributed uniformly over the phylogeny of 24 angiosperm orders. Stronger effects were reported from greenhouses than in field conditions, and induction was uninfluenced by herbivore type. Volatiles showed stronger response than non‐volatiles in greenhouses for insects. Biosynthetic precursors (e.g. jasmonates) and many defensive chemicals were induced in the greenhouse, but when measured in field conditions, they were unresponsive to herbivory and appear to be constitutive. Similar to constitutive response, induced responses were also unaffected by fertilization. Direction and magnitude of induction differ greatly from previous assessments as these have also changed over time, representing natural epistemological growth. A third of the variability was explained by moderators (marginal R2: chemical identity, angiosperm order, study setting, herbivore type and publication year); another third (conditional R2) was attributed to the identity of individual studies and observations. Synthesis. Manipulative experiments reveal many intrinsic differences among defensive chemicals and traits. They suggest plants in greenhouses may respond very differently to herbivores from those in field conditions. Although biosynthetic pathways of chemical responses, their modes of action and their effects on herbivores are well‐understood, studies with greater statistical power under ecologically relevant settings are needed to discern induced and constitutive defences in how plants respond to their natural enemies

Intellectual property pervades all aspects of life. Sustaining intellectual creations is often debatable. The abounding atmosphere of progress and development encompasses other industries as well. Tourism is a major economic driver that promotes social and cultural exchange while directly and indirectly employing millions of people. Destination branding is promoted by tourism. After the 2010 Eyjafjallajökul eruption, Iceland's reputation as a safe tourist destination plummeted. Iceland's government promoted the “Inspired by Iceland” brand to attract tourists. The brand is a symbol, mark, logo, name, word, or sentence used to distinguish one product from another. The paper examines the relationship between intellectual property rights (IPR) and tourism. Geographical indications (GI) have a huge impact on regional tourism. The GI manufacturing process and cultivation tend to attract tourists. Travelers often want to sample regional foods, flavors, aromas, and beverages and buy them directly from consumers, resulting in a tourist influx. The capitalist notion of destination branding is abandoned as the IPR‐based tourism sector is revived. It also promotes the best way to develop the tourism industry while protecting IPRs. The link is also heavily emphasized to promote tourism. Regional development and eco‐tourism policies should be promoted. The tourism industry benefits greatly from protecting indigenous communities and their traditional knowledge.

The theme of this book “Digital Innovation, Transformation and Disruption of Higher Education" was chosen due to its relevance in the global digitalized world. Digital transformation is the process of using digital technologies to create new — or modify existing — business processes, culture, and customer experiences to meet changing business and market requirements. This reimagining of business in the digital age is digital transformation. Digital transformation is the integration of digital technology into all areas of a business, fundamentally changing how you operate and deliver value to customers. It's also a cultural change that requires organizations to continually challenge the status quo, experiment, and get comfortable with failure. Technology has the potential to revolutionize the traditional teaching and learning process. It can eliminate the barriers to education imposed by space and time and dramatically expand access to lifelong learning. Students no longer have to meet in the same place at the same time to learn together from an instructor. Digital transformation in higher education refers to an organizational change realized by means of digital technologies and business models with the aim to improve an institution's operational performance. The book encompasses chapters with research-based perspectives in the area of digital innovations & related fields. The book can be read as a compendium of readings of digitization of higher education institutions, business and industry. We editors offer heartfelt thanks to all contributors for their valuable research incorporated in this edited book as a chapter.

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