While higher anxiety during antenatal period cause several maternal and foetal health related complications, lower anxiety levels are found to be associated with lesser “precautionary behaviours” and consequently greater risk of infection, during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, we aimed to assess rates and determinants of generalized anxiety at the time of the pandemic as well as anxiety that was specific to the context of being pregnant during the COVID-19 pandemic. (COVID-19-antenatal anxiety) in Indian women. This hospital-based, cross-sectional study using face-to-face interviews was conducted at antenatal clinics of five medical college hospitals in India. The Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scale (GAD −7) and a customized scale to assess antenatal COVID-19 anxiety along with other tools that assessed social support and COVID-19-risk perception were administered to 620 pregnant women. We found that the percentage of women with moderate or severe anxiety based on GAD −7 was 11.1%. Multivariate analysis showed that higher COVID-19-risk perception, greater antenatal COVID-19 anxiety and lower perceived support significantly predicted moderate and severe generalized anxiety. Greater number of weeks of gestation, lower education, semiurban habitat and lower perceived social support were significant predictors of antenatal COVID-19 anxiety. We conclude that the rates of anxiety in pregnant women though not very high, still warrant attention and specific interventions.
Background: In developing world, the number of women undergoing miscarriage has increased. Women facing miscarriage are susceptible to develop depression and the risk is more if the perceived social support is low or not adequate. This study was conducted to assess the presence of depressive features and perceived social support and to correlate between the two entities in patients with miscarriage. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, single interview study conducted in 100 consecutive patients with miscarriage in current pregnancy admitted in obstetrics and gynecology ward of a tertiary care center. After ethics committee approval and written informed consent, each patient was individually interviewed using a semi structured proforma. To assess depressive features, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and to evaluate perceived social support-Multidimensional Scale for Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) were administered. Data was analyzed statistically. Results: The mean age of the participant was 28.5 years (3.9), all of them were married, majority of them being housewives, with primary/secondary level of education and from rural area. On assessment with PHQ9, the prevalence of depression was 32%. Among them 17 % had mild depression, 12% had moderate depression, and 3% had severe depression. Women with advancing age, lower education level, unemployment, previous miscarriage, miscarriage following treatment for infertility had significant depression. The perceived social support in the form of family and friends was significantly less in depressed patients. Conclusion: Miscarriage is a significant stressful event in a women's life. These women should be evaluated for depressive symptoms and carers should be psycho-educated regarding need of social support following miscarriage. Early diagnosis and management of depression will help in reducing further morbidity and will improve the quality of life of these patients.
Background: Mood disorder is one of the common causes, for which psychiatric consultations are sought. A better understanding of the factors that lead to repeated admissions, increased relapse rates, and concurrent substance dependence is necessary for the development of interventions that may reduce the likelihood of adverse effects in patient with bipolar I disorder. Aims and Objectives: The aims of this study were as follows: (1) To study the correlation between the reasons for relapse and substance use with various sociodemographic factors in patients having bipolar I disorders and (2) to find out the correlation between reasons for relapse, substance use, and severity of illness. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional single interview study, in which 67 consecutive patients having bipolar I disorder and admitted in psychiatry ward were admitted on the basis of a pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The details about psychiatric, relapse-related symptoms, substance use-related symptoms, as well as other aspects of clinical profile were taken. Results: Out of 67 patients, 51 (76.1%) were male and 16 (23.8%) were female. Mean age of the participants was 30.43 years (S.D.=9.05). Sleep disturbance was seen in all patients (67) and was also the most common symptom. It was followed by psychomotor disturbances in 60 (89.5%) of the patients. Among 67 patients included in the study, substance use was seen among 28 (41.7%) of the patients. Substance use was significantly associated with age of the patients and occupation (P=0.03 each). The age group of more than 30 years (57.7%) had significantly higher substance use compared to those <30 years (31.7%). Conclusion: Concurrent substance use is associated with increased risk of relapse and readmissions in cases of patients with bipolar I disorders. A thorough history is necessary to rule out substance use in these cases.
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