ABBREVIATIONS CATCHChedoke-McMaster Attitudes Towards Children with Handicaps STROBE Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology AIM The aim of this review was to systematically review and synthesize observational evidence of associations between children's naturally varying contact with people with disabilities and their attitudes towards disability.METHOD A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple databases. Studies were included if they measured children's contact with people with disabilities and their attitudes towards disability. Qualitative research and studies that experimentally varied the amount of contact children had were excluded. Data were synthesized in a narrative review.RESULTS There were 35 studies that met the inclusion criteria: 22 of these reported a statistically significant association between contact with people with disabilities and more positive attitudes towards disability; two studies reported a negative association between contact and attitudes; and 11 studies reported no association. Incomplete reporting of the methods and results across studies limited the conclusions that could be drawn. INTERPRETATION Studies identified in this review generally indicate that children's contactwith people with disabilities is associated with more positive attitudes towards disability. There is a need for more rigorous research to examine the effect of children's contact with people with disabilities on their attitudes towards disability.Children with disabilities are often the targets of negative attitudes. Parents of children with disabilities have described how negative attitudes are more disabling than their child's impairments. 1 A meta-analysis of studies published between 1990 and 2000 found that, generally, children have better attitudes towards children without disabilities than they do towards those with physical or intellectual impairments.2 Furthermore, in a cohort study conducted over 3 years, between 21% and 30% of children with disabilities experienced peer victimization, as reported by their parents.3 Experiencing negative attitudes and being victimized by peers is associated with self-blame, loneliness, anxiety, and low self-worth. 4 Therefore, it is important to understand negative attitudes towards disability and the factors associated with those attitudes.A series of psychological interventions derived from the 'contact hypothesis' 5 have been designed to promote positive attitudes towards a range of social groups. By creating positive interactions (contact) between members of different social groups, negative attitudes may be reduced. 6 Positive contact can break down psychological group boundaries, reduce anxiety, and elicit emotions such as empathy directed towards outgroup members who are otherwise often inhibited in intergroup contexts.7 A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies involving a range of intergroup contexts suggested that contact is nearly always successful in improving attitudes and reducing prejudice. 6 However, the re...
A variety of microanalytical techniques (LA-ICP-MS, microthermometry, SIMS) were applied to resolve uncertainties about the chemical evolution of the Sudbury Igneous Complex (SIC) melt sheet and its associated hydrothermal systems. In the SIC sublayer and main mass, silicate melt inclusions in early apatite cumulate grains preserve evidence for high-temperature (>1100°C) immiscibility between Fe-rich and Sirich liquids. Melt inclusions record the base metal (Ni, Cu, Co) endowment of the melt sheet prior to and after sulphide saturation and allow quantification of trace element partitioning at various stages during meltsheet evolution, and prediction of the likelihood that an offset dyke contains or does not contain sulphide ore deposits locally. Melt inclusions were deemed unaffected by post-cumulus processes, providing an opportunity to characterize primary magmatic processes otherwise obscured by 1.85 Ga of metamorphism, deformation, and hydrothermal alteration. In the sublayer, analysis of the trace element chemistry of alteration, metamorphic and igneous biotite identified the chemical signature of biotites associated with the host inclusion-rich quartz diorite offset-style Ni-Cu-platinum-group element (PGE) sulphide orebodies, characterized by elevated Ni, Cu, and Ni/Cr ratios. Trace metal analysis of biotite allows differentiation between this key rock type and barren quartz diorite that is otherwise compositionally and textually comparable. In footwall Cu-Ni-PGE ore deposits, alteration, fluid inclusion, and stable isotope studies provide a systematic description of "low-sulphide" deposit style. Hydrothermal sulphide precipitation, a process recorded in alteration vein styles, was associated with mixing of oxidized, 18O-enriched, high salinity metal-rich fluids with cooler, reduced, 18O-depleted, high-Ca groundwaters. Recognition of this mixing process through isotope mapping, fluid inclusion microthermometry, and alteration mineral chemistry provides a means to identify metal-precipitation fronts within the complex footwall environment.
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