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IMPORTANCE Uncorrected refractive error in school-aged children may affect learning. OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of a school-based vision program on academic achievement among students in grades 3 to 7. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cluster randomized clinical trial was conducted in Baltimore City Public Schools during school years from 2016 to 2019 among 2304 students in grades 3 to 7 who received eye examinations and eyeglasses.

IMPORTANCE Understanding outcomes of pediatric malpractice litigation allows ophthalmologists to gain insight into how to best care for patients and prevent such litigation. OBJECTIVES To report and analyze the causes and outcomes of ophthalmology medical malpractice litigation involving patients younger than 18 years. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The WestLaw database was reviewed from April 1 to 30, 2015, for ophthalmology-related lawsuits, including settlements and trial verdicts, in the United States from January 1, 1930, to December 31, 2014. Search terms included ophthalmology or ophthalmologist and malpractice anywhere in the retrieved documents. Cases in which the plaintiffs were younger than 18 years at the time of the inciting event were included. Pediatric cases were compared with adult cases. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Pediatric malpractice case outcomes and settlement amounts. RESULTS Sixty-eight ophthalmology malpractice cases involving plaintiffs younger than 18 years were included in the study. Thirty-five cases (51.5%) were resolved via jury trial. Of these 35 cases, verdicts in favor of the plaintiff were issued in 17 pediatric cases (48.6%), compared with 168 of 584 adult cases (28.8%)

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MMCR works by shortening the posterior lamella, which results in advancement of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle and plication of the levator aponeurosis. Plication of the levator aponeurosis likely contributes to the increased volumetric effect seen clinically after MMCR. Phenylephrine testing can help in fine-tuning the amount of resection, but given the mechanism of action of MMCR, adequate levator muscle function remains a critical factor in the success of the surgery. Moreover, MMCR preserves accessory lacrimal gland tissues.

Males in 1st, SE "Optional under guidance of optometrist or ophthalmologist. Evidenced-based, instrument-based screening is particularly useful as an alternative to optotype-based screening for: (1) Students with developmental disabilities, (2) Students who are younger (e.g., preschool or kindergarten) or pre-literate, (3) Students who are unable to be screened with traditional optotypebased screening." Near point of convergence: 1st to 12th Stereopsis: K to 12th Colorado K, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th, R R R R "These devices work well for young students and students with special needs that are difficult to screen."

Background: Infertility impacts approximately 16% of couples in the United States-roughly five million individuals. Experiencing infertility takes a physical and psychological toll on the infertile individual, as well as his/her partner. The goal of the current study was to explore and provide better insight into how infertility affects the roles and daily occupations (Such as self-care and work related tasks) of females. This information can better assist health care providers in providing quality care to such clients. Methods: 21 participants, females ranging in age from 20 to 46 years and experiencing infertility, participated in this qualitative, phenomenological research study. They partook in two telephone interviews aimed at exploring how infertility has impacted their roles and daily occupations. Inductive content data analysis was utilized to analyze the data. Results: Findings resulted in three main themes. Quotes from participants were used to title the themes. They are “when you’re dealing with infertility, every aspect of your life is impacted by it”, “infertility impacted my areas of interest in life” and “infertility is very lonely”. Conclusion: Infertility has the potential to impact every area of a female’s life. The emotional impact infertility may have on women, in addition to the physical and time constraints involved with pursuing fertility treatments, frequently resulted in decreased occupational engagement and fulfillment of roles as spouse or friend. Those experiencing infertility need more resources and support to navigate their journey.