Human papillomavirus (HPV) was one of the most common sexually transmitted infections in women of child-bearing age in the US. It was estimated that nearly three out of every four American women between the ages of 15 and 49 would be infected with genital HPV over the course of their lifetime. Human papillomavirus was present in almost 100% of cervical cancers. Despite this growing epidemic, there was little knowledge and awareness of HPV among the general public. HPV was most often detected in abnormal Pap test results. However, women undergoing Pap tests lacked basic knowledge about HPV testing, abnormal results, and follow-up procedures. The purpose of this study was to determine women's knowledge of HPV and their perceptions of the education they received from their physician regarding the reason for a Pap test, explanation of Pap test results, and how effectively the physician explained associations between HPV and cell abnormalities, cervical cancer, risk factors, and preventive measures. A survey containing 33 questions was completed by 109 primarily professional women. Based on the data collected in this study it seems that physicians were not routinely providing HPV information to their female patients. Women reported their physicians were not educating them on testing for HPV and cervical cancer, risk factors associated with contracting HPV, and preventive measures associated with HPV. Younger physicians were more likely to discuss these topics with women than older physicians. Single women also reported more discussion with their physician on these topics than married women.

20!Hunting mode, the distinct set of behavioural strategies that a predator employs while 21! hunting, can be an important determinant of the prey organism's behavioural response. 22!However, few studies have considered how a predator's hunting mode influences anti-23! predatory behaviours of a prey species. Here we document the influence of active hunters 24! (zebra jumping spiders, Salticus scenicus) and ambush predators (Chinese praying 25! mantids, Tenodera aridifolia sinensis) on the capture deterrence anti-predatory 26! behavioural repertoire of the model organism, Drosophila melanogaster. We 27! hypothesized that D. melanogaster would reduce overall locomotory activity in the 28! presence of ambush predators, and increase activity with active hunters. First we 29! observed and described the behavioural repertoire of D. melanogaster in the presence of 30! the predators. We documented three previously undescribed behaviours-abdominal 31! lifting, stopping and retreat-which were performed at higher frequency by D. 32! melanogaster in the presence of predators, and may aid in capture deterrence. Consistent 33! with our predictions, we observed an increase in the overall activity of D. melanogaster 34! in the presence of jumping spiders (active hunter). However, counter to our prediction, 35! mantids (ambush hunter) had only a modest influence on activity. We also observed 36! considerable intra and inter-individual variation in response to both predator types. Given 37! these new insights into Drosophila behaviour, and with the genetic tools available, 38! dissecting the molecular mechanisms of anti-predator behaviours may now be feasible in 39! this system.

The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster , has proven to be an excellent model organism for genetic, genomic and neurobiological studies. However, relatively little is known about the natural history of D . melanogaster . In particular, neither the natural predators faced by wild populations of D . melanogaster , nor the anti-predatory behaviors they may employ to escape and avoid their enemies have been documented. Here we observe and describe the influence of two predators that differ in their mode of hunting: zebra jumping spiders, Salticus scenicus (active hunters) and Chinese praying mantids, Tenodera sinensis (ambush predators) on the behavioral repertoire of Drosophila melanogaster . We documented three particularly interesting behaviors: abdominal lifting, stopping, and retreat—which were performed at higher frequency by D . melanogaster in the presence of predators. While mantids had only a modest influence on the locomotory activity of D . melanogaster , we observed a significant increase in the overall activity of D . melanogaster in the presence of jumping spiders. Finally, we observed considerable among-individual behavioral variation in response to both predators.