The aim of this study is to isolate a highly competent bacterium with potent cellulose degrading capability and a better hydrogen producer. Soil sample from sugarcane bagasse yard was isolated, serially diluted and plated on cellulose specific nutrient agar plate. Four colonies have been isolated in which a single colony has potent cellulose degrading ability and the highest hydrogen productivity of 275.13 mL H2 L -1 . The newly isolated bacterium was morphologically and biochemically characterized. The molecular characterization of the bacterium was carried out using 16S rDNA sequencing and the organism was identified as Bacilllus subtilis AuChE413. Proteomic analysis such as MALDI-TOF was carried out to differentiate the isolated Bacillus subtilis from Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Phylogenetic tree was constructed to analyze the evolutionary relationship among different genus and species with the newly isolated strain.
Drug predictive cues and contexts exert powerful control over behavior and can incite drug seeking and taking. This association and the behavioral output are encoded within striatal circuits, and regulation of these circuits by G-protein coupled receptors affects cocaine-related behaviors. Here, we investigated how opioid peptides and G-protein coupled opioid receptors expressed in striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) regulate conditioned cocaine seeking. Augmenting levels of the opioid peptide enkephalin in the striatum facilitates acquisition of cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP). In contrast, opioid receptor antagonists attenuate cocaine CPP and facilitate extinction of alcohol CPP. However, whether striatal enkephalin is necessary for acquisition of cocaine CPP and maintenance during extinction remains unknown. We generated mice with a targeted deletion of enkephalin from dopamine D2-receptor expressing MSNs (D2-PenkKO) and tested them for cocaine CPP. Low striatal enkephalin levels did not attenuate acquisition or expression of CPP; however, D2-PenkKOs showed faster extinction of cocaine CPP. Single administration of the non-selective opioid receptor antagonist naloxone prior to preference testing blocked expression of CPP selectively in females, but equally between genotypes. Repeated administration of naloxone during extinction did not facilitate extinction of cocaine CPP for either genotype, but rather prevented extinction in D2-PenkKO mice. We conclude that while striatal enkephalin is not necessary for acquisition of cocaine reward, it maintains the learned association between cocaine and its predictive cues during extinction learning. Further, sex and pre existing low striatal enkephalin levels may be important considerations for use of naloxone in treating cocaine use disorder.
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