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This paper proposes a new variant of Gamma Interconnection Network (GIN), which uses an alternate source at the initial stage. The alternate source helped in realizing the Bit Reversal permutation completely in one pass. The paper also proposes a modified permutation realization algorithm, which is being used to realize the frequently used permutations on GIN family of networks. This algorithm also ensures that the alternate source approach can be used with all the GIN family networks with sizes ≥8 to realize the frequently used permutations. The paper also discusses the performance of the modified algorithm in terms of hop count required to realize the permutations as well as the effect on hardware cost due to alternate source.

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Indian populations possess an exclusive genetic profile primarily due to the many migratory events, which caused an extensive range of genetic diversity, and also due to stringent and austere sociocultural barriers that structure these populations into different endogamous groups. In the present study we attempt to explore the genetic relationships between various endogamous North Indian populations and to determine the effect of stringent social regulations on their gene pool. Twenty STR markers were genotyped in 1,800 random North Indians from 9 endogamous populations belonging to upper-caste and middle-caste Hindus and Muslims. All nine populations had high allelic diversity (176 alleles) and average observed heterozygosity (0.742 +/- 0.06), suggesting strong intrapopulation diversity. The average F(ST) value over all loci was as low as 0.0084. However, within-group F(ST) and genetic distance analysis showed that populations of the same group were genetically closer to each other. The genetic distance of Muslims from middle castes (F(ST) = 0.0090; DA = 0.0266) was significantly higher than that of Muslims from upper castes (F(ST) = 0.0050; DA = 0.0148). Phylogenetic trees (neighbor-joining and maximum-likelihood) show the basal cluster pattern of three clusters corresponding to Muslims, upper-caste, and middle-caste populations, with Muslims clustered with upper-caste populations. Based on the results, we conclude that the extensive gene flow through a series of migrations and invasions has created an enormous amount of genetic diversity. The interpopulation differences are minimal but have a definite pattern, in which populations of different socioreligious groups have more genetic similarity within the same group and are genetically more distant from populations of other groups. Finally, North Indian Muslims show a differential genetic relationship with upper- and middle-caste populations.

As billions of transistors can easily getting manufactured on small chips, multiple processing elements are also getting fabricated on these chips. This type of chip manufacturing caught attention of researchers from the domains like Parallel and Distributed Computing, Computer Aided Chip Manufacturing, Computer Design etc. Many researchers tried to utilize the boosted capacity of multiprocessor chips to implement time consuming, bulky, parallel algorithms. A strong communication network, which is reliable, robust and reusable is very much needed to achieve expected performance. This paper proposes a new Gamma Interconnection Network variant, namely NoCGIN, which act as interconnection network for Networks-on-Chip. The paper further gives information about the topology of NoCGIN and a simple routing algorithm for routing packets.