5Old growth mangroves in existing protected areas store more carbon than restored forests 6 or plantations. Carbon storage in such forests has economic value independent of additionality, 7 offering opportunities for policy makers to ensure their maintenance, and inclusion in climate 8 change mitigation strategies. Mangrove forests of the Everglades National Park (ENP), South 9 Florida, though protected, face external stressors such as hydrological alterations due to flooding 10 control structures and agriculture impacts and saltwater intrusion as result of increasing sea level 11 rise. Moreover, decreased funding of Everglades' restoration activities following the recent 12 economic crisis (beginning 2008) threatens the restoration of the Greater Everglades including 13 mangrove dominated coastal regions. We evaluated several economic and ecological challenges 14 confronting the economic valuation of total (vegetation plus soil) organic carbon (TOC) storage 15 in the ENP mangroves. Estimated TOC storage for this forested wetland ranges from 70-537 Mg 16 C/ha and is higher than values reported for tropical, boreal, and temperate forests. We calculate 17 the average abatement cost of C specific for ENP mangroves to value the TOC from $2-$3.4 18 billion; estimated unit area values are $13,859/ha-$23,728/ha. The valuation of the stored/legacy 19 carbon is based on the: 1) ecogeomorphic attributes, 2) regional socio-economic milieu, and 3) 20 status of the ENP mangroves as a protected area. The assessment of C storage estimates and its 21 economic value can change public perception about how this regulating ecosystem service of 22 ENP mangrove wetlands (144,447 ha) supports human well-being and numerous economic 23 activities. This perception, in turn, can contribute to future policy changes such that the ENP 24 mangroves, the largest mangrove area in the continental USA, can be included as a potential 25 alternative in climate change mitigation strategies.26
This paper analyzes the changes in subjective well‐being (SWB) in 11 Latin American cities at the end of the acceleration phase of the COVID‐19 pandemic, the variables that influenced these changes, and the role of the public support policies and the social capital on SWB recovery. This study, the second of a two‐phase research project, is a survey‐based comparative analysis. The 5604 survey responses obtained included 3279 observations from the research project's preceding phase, and 2325 observations conducted as part of the second project phase and current study. A multivariate linear regression model was used to evaluate the impact of the different variables related to COVID‐19 on people's SWB. Results show that the most significant positive impacts on SWB, are attributed to social capital, particularly family and social cohesion. The study confirms that the level of SWB is strongly associated with personality traits, health, and key variables such as age, marital status, and income. The different measures established to control the pandemic have not remedied the negative impacts of COVID‐19 on people's SWB. However, an increase in different degrees of SWB was observed in 10 out of the 11 cities between the initial survey and the follow‐up survey.
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