AimTo assess the effect of combining 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash with xylitol (XYL) chewing gum on Streptococcus mutans and biofilm levels among 8- to 12-year-old children.Materials and methodsSixty children aged 8 to 12 years were selected with moderate and high salivary S. mutans levels. They were divided into three groups of 20 children each: (1) XYL group where the subjects chewed XYL twice daily; (2) CHX where rinsing was done twice daily; and (3) combination of XYL and CHX group (XYL+CHX) where both the agents were used once daily. The S. mutans colony-forming units (CFUs) were counted by using the mitis salivarius agar plate at the beginning of the study and at 15 days, 1, 2, and 6 months from the start of the study.ResultsThe XYL+CHX group showed the maximum reduction in both the biofilm and S. mutans scores throughout the study period.ConclusionThe XYL+CHX combination reduced both the biofilm and S. mutans score significantly better than either XYL chewing gums or CHX mouthwash used alone.How to cite this articleSyed M, Chopra R, Shrivastava V, Sachdev V. Comparative evaluation of 0.2% Chlorhexidine Mouthwash, Xylitol Chewing Gum, and Combination of 0.2% Chlorhexidine Mouthwash and Xylitol Chewing Gum on Salivary Streptococcus mutans and Biofilm Levels in 8- to 12-Year-Old Children. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2016;9(4):313-319.
Oral mucosal lesions are a broad range of different alterations located in the oral cavity. Most of the studies which describe the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions have been carried out mainly in an adult population. Therefore, in the literature available, there are few reports about oral mucosal lesions and alterations of the normal oral mucosa in pediatric population. A descriptive observational cross-sectional study was conducted, with non-probability sampling for convenience, with a sample of 110 patients and a level of confidence of 95 %. We estimated only 51 children which fitted our inclusive criteria. In 51 patients a prevalence of 37.2 % of oral mucosal lesions was observed. The more prevalent lesions were minor aphthous ulcers (21.5 %), irritation fibroma (15.7 %), traumatic ulcer (15.7 %), traumatic erosion (10.2 %), impetigo (10.2 %), pigmented lesions, recurrent herpes labialis, recurrent intraoral herpes, mucocele, and ranula (5.2 % each). The most frequent location observed in oral mucosal lesions, was labial mucosa (25.0 %), followed by vermilion border (15.0 %), buccal mucosa (15.0 %), labial commissures (10.0 %), buccal groove (5.0 %) etc. in conclusion, even though most of the oral mucosal lesions evaluated in this study can be diagnosed in a purely clinical way; there are some oral mucosal lesions that need confirmation through an anatomo-pathological study.
Introduction: Hypertensive disorders complicate 5-10% in all pregnant and together form the deadly triad and hemorrhage and heart disease that contribute greatly to maternal morbidity or mortality. This study aims to identify retinal changes in pregnancy-induced hypertension and analyze the association between retinal changes and hypertension severity. Method: A total of 100 pregnant admitted with pregnancy-induced hypertension(PIH) were included. Patients with pre-existing hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and renal diseases were excluded from the study. The vision, anterior segment, and Fundus were examined. Result: Higher number of PIH were recorded in the 21-30 years age group. Fifty-four pregnant women suffered from mild preeclampsia, 40 pregnant women with severe preeclampsia, and six pregnant women with eclampsia with seizures. 41% of pregnant had normal fundus, and 24% of pregnant had hypertensive retinopathy. Whereas grade 2,3, and 4 retinopathy was observed in 22%, 6%, and 2% of pregnant women. Two percent of pregnants had macular edema, and 3% had central serous retinopathy. No association was observed between the fundus findings with age/gravida. Whereas a significant positive correlation was observed between the fundus findings and hypertension severity (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Overall, 54% of pregnants were recorded with hypertensive retinopathy. A positive correlation was observed between fundus changes with the hypertension severity. This study reports the importance of routine fundus examination in pregnant with hypertension. Retinal change during pregnancy is an important indicator to decide the pregnancy termination or any other opt.
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