Glyceollins are a category of phytoalexins that are produced by soybeans under fungal stress, but their effects on glucose homeostasis remain unknown. We hypothesized that glyceollins play an important role in glucose homeostasis by regulating glucose utilization in adipocytes and improving beta-cell function and survival. Glyceollins improved insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes without activating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist. They decreased triacylglycerol accumulation in adipocytes. In addition, glyceollins slightly improved glucose-stimulated insulin secretion without palmitate treatment in Min6 cells, and they potentiated insulinotropic actions when 500 microM palmitate was used to induce beta-cell dysfunction. This was associated with decreased beta-cell apoptosis because of the attenuation of endoplasmic reticulum stress, as determined by mRNA levels of XBP-1, ATF-4, ATF-6, and CHOP. Glyceollins also potentiated GLP-1 secretion to enhance insulinotropic actions in enteroendocrine cells. In conclusion, glyceollins help normalize glucose homeostasis by potentiating beta-cell function and survival and improving glucose utilization in adipocytes.
The aims of this research were to produce oil-in-water β-lactoglobulin/alginate (β-lg/Al) nanoemulsions loaded with coenzyme Q 10 and to investigate the combined effects of heating temperature and alginate concentration on the physicochemical properties and encapsulation efficiency of β-lg/Al nanoemulsions. In β-lg/Al nanoemulsions production, various heating temperatures (60, 65, and 70 o C) and alginate concentrations (0, 0.01, 0.03, and 0.05%) were used. A transmission electron microscopy was used to observe morphologies of β-lg/Al nanoemulsions. Droplet size and zeta-potential values of β-lg/Al nanoemulsions and encapsulation efficiency of coenzyme Q 10 were determined by electrophoretic light scattering spectrophotometer and HPLC, respectively. The spherically shaped β-lg/Al nanoemulsions with the size of 169 to 220 nm were successfully formed. The heat treatments from 60 to 70 o C resulted in a significant (p<0.05) increase in droplet size, polydispersity, zeta-potential value of β-lg/Al nanoemulsions, and encapsulation efficiency of coenzyme Q 10 . As alginate concentration was increased from 0 to 0.05%, there was an increase in the polydispersity index of β-lg/Al nanoemulsions and encapsulation efficiency of coenzyme Q 10 . This study demonstrates that heating temperature and alginate concentration had a major impact on the size, polydispersity, zeta-potential value and encapsulation efficiency of coenzyme Q 10 in β-lg/ Al nanoemulsions.
Glyceollins, one of the inducible phytoalexins produced by plants, were induced in a number of varieties of Korean soybean through fungal infection. Of the tested soybean varieties, Tae-Kwang, though not the most productive, was found to be currently the most suitable for the induction of glyceollins. Amongst the fungal species, Rhizopus microsporus var. oligosporus was seen to be the most effective elicitor. Halved soybean seeds produced glyceollins upon fungal infection; however, chopped soybeans and homogenized soybeans did not produce significant quantities of glyceollins.
Processed cheese is manufactured by mixing natural cheeses with emulsifying salts and other ingredients and heating under agitation to produce a homogeneous product. Processed cheese, processed cheese food, and processed cheese spread are classified in the US standards for processed cheese. The functional properties of processed cheese, such as firmness and meltability, are regarded as a quality indicator assessing overall cheese quality and consumer preference. Various analytical methods have been developed to determine the functional properties of processed cheese. In this review, the classification and functional properties of processed cheeses are described and analytical tools for evaluating the functional properties of processed cheese are discussed.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.