Salmonellosis is one of the major concerns in the poultry industry and some serovars of Salmonella involve in zoonosis. This study determines the seroprevalence of Salmonella in poultry and their drug-resistant patterns, variability in infectivity and mortality rate of birds, and predilection of some serovars to cause zoonoses. The average seroprevalance of Salmonella in three different age groups was found to be 37.9%. A total of 503 samples were examined over a period of 1 year from five different poultry farms of a semiurban area of Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The prevalence of Salmonella was recorded to be 21.1%. Salmonella was found high in dead birds (31.2%) than live birds (18.1%). Salmonella infection was higher (23.6%) in summer than in winter (12.9%) season. Among the 106 isolates, 46 belong to serogroup B (43%) and 60 isolates to serogroup D (57%). The highest Salmonella infection was recorded as 47.9% on the 30-35-week-old birds. A total of 106 Salmonella isolates were used for antimicrobial susceptibility test against 10 common antibiotics and 17 multiple drug resistance patterns were found. Among the isolates, 69 (65%) harbored plasmids 1-4 with size variation between >1.63 and >40 kb and rest 37 (35%) isolates were plasmid free but showed resistance against 5-10 antibiotics. The results of the present investigation suggested that multiple drug resistance is common among the Salmonella isolates of poultry and some of these isolates may have zoonotic implications.
Salmonella infection is one of the major constraints of poultry farming that hindered its development in Bangladesh. A study was conducted to investigate Salmonellae involved in poultry infection on the basis of five variable farm code, serotypes, resistotypes, and plasmid profiles. The study was extended towards the drug resistant profile against 28 common antibiotics and molecular characterization of Salmonella poultry isolates of Savar, Bangladesh. The prevalence of Salmonella was found to be 21.1%. A large number of plasmid-free Salmonella isolates were found to be resistant to 10-15 groups of antibiotics. The very high unanticipated level of multidrug resistance (MDR) of the isolated Salmonella against 28 commonly used therapeutic antibiotics is probably due to widespread use of and easy access to various antimicrobials in the poultry, veterinary, and public health sector in Bangladesh. PCR of 84 isolates using Salmonella specific primers ascertained 79, 32 and 3 isolates to be invA sefA and fliC gene positive. Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis (ARDRA) profile using Alu I restriction endonuclease digestion of nearly full length 16S rRNA gene of the 84 isolates gave three different restriction types indicating no single source of infection. Sequencing of representatives of each ARDRA groups detected close similarity to S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis and S. Paratyphi within the poultry samples indicating significant zoonotic hazard. Presence of identical restriction types in isolates of five different farms indicates the possibility of intrafarm transmission of these bacteria. Emergence of such multidrug drug resistant zoonotic Salmonella isolates is indicative of devastating situation of poultry farms in Bangladesh questioning the proper control and management of this economic sector in Bangladesh.
Enterobacter spp. especially Enterobactercloacae are frequent cause of neonatal sepsis in humans. In this study, the occurrence and characteristics of multidrug resistant-extended-spectrum β-lactamase (MDR-ESBL) producing Enterobacter spp. isolated from live and dead poultry of Savar, Bangladesh were investigated. Between May 2009 and June 2011, 106 samples derived from live and dead birds were collected of which 22 presumptive Enterobacter isolates were screened through phenotypic (morphological, cultural and biochemical) detection. Antibiogram against 10 commonly used antibiotics revealed that all isolates were resistant to Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Penicillin, and Erythromycin. Furthermore, resistance pattern showed by the isolates were Nitrofurantoin (19, 95%), Gentamycin (11, 55%), Streptomycin (18, 95%), Sulfonamides (13, 65%), Tetracyclines (15, 75%) and Ciprofloxacin (12, 60%). Genetic fingerprinting methods RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) and ARDRA (arbitrary ribosomal DNA restriction analysis) distributed the 22 MDR Enterobacter into four groups. Three genetically related groups were found to be plasmid free having isolates resistant to 10 antibiotics. One distinct group of Enterobacter with four isolates contains a common 2.7 kb plasmid, encoding bla TEM1 gene. The genotypically diverse groups belonged to either Enterobacter cloacae or Enterobacter hormaechei on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicating their zoonotic potential. The prevalence of MDR-ESBL Enterobacter among poultry and its zoonotic relevance implicates not only the poultry but also the consumers and handlers are at risk. Therefore, urgent intervention is required to limit the emergence and spread of these bacteria as well as prudent use of antibiotics among farmers in Bangladesh.
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