The emergence of antimicrobial resistant Enterococcus spp., a leading cause of untreatable nosocomial infection, in food animals and dissemination to humans is a public health concern. The study was conducted to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance, and virulence characteristics of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium in food animals and meats in Bangladesh. Enterococcus spp., were con rmed using sodA gene speci c PCR, and antimicrobial resistance and virulence properties were characterized by PCR. Enterococcus spp. were recovered from 57% of the collected samples (n=201/352). Farm samples yielded signi cantly higher (p≤0.05) prevalence (62%) compared to retail meat samples (41%) and E. faecalis (52%) was most frequently isolated species. High proportions of isolates exhibited resistance to tetracycline (74%), erythromycin (65%) and cipro oxacin (34%). Fifty-one isolates were vancomycin non-susceptible enterococci (VNSE), of which forty-seven were MDR and 20 were linezolid resistant, a last line drug for VNSE.Virulence factors such as gelatinase (gelE), aggregation factor (asa1) and sex pheromone (cpd) were detected along with vancomycin resistance gene (vanA, vanB and vanC2/C3) in VNSE isolates. The high prevalence of MDR enterococci in food animals and retail meats may lead to infection in consumers with concomitant reduced therapeutic options available for treatment.
Non-typhoidal Salmonella provides an exemplar for the One Health approach as it encompasses public and animal health, food safety, and environmental considerations. The contribution of environmental aspects is currently less well-defined. The purpose of this study was to determine the carriage occurrence of non-typhoidal Salmonella in migratory birds in Bangladesh and assess the potential significance to public and animal health. Cloacal swabs (N = 453) were collected in the years 2018–2020 from Tanguar and Hakaluki Haors, important wetland ecosystems in Northeastern Bangladesh. The prevalence of Salmonella was 13.5% (61 positive swabs). Classical serotyping identified six serovars: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars Perth, Kentucky, Albany, Infantis, Weltevreden, and Brancaster. Resistance towards 14 antimicrobials was assessed by broth microdilution minimum inhibitory concentration determination and the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genotype established by whole-genome sequencing. S. Perth and S. Weltevreden isolates were susceptible and harbored no acquired AMR genes. Isolates from the remaining serovars were multidrug resistant, commonly possessing resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and ciprofloxacin. Salmonella resistant to ciprofloxacin meets WHO criteria for priority pathogens. There was excellent concordance between resistance phenotype and the presence of corresponding AMR genes, many of which reside on Salmonella Genomic Islands. High-level ciprofloxacin resistance correlated with the presence of mutations in the chromosomal gyrB and/or parC genes. The S. Kentucky isolates were ST198, a widely distributed multidrug-resistant lineage reported in humans and animals, and constituting an ongoing risk to public health worldwide. We have demonstrated that multidrug-resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella of public health significance can be recovered from migratory birds. A potential for risk can manifest through direct interaction, transmission to food-producing livestock on farms, and dissemination via the long range migratory movements of birds. Risks can be mitigated by measures including continued surveillance and implementation of good farm biosecurity practices.
Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a leading cause of infections in Community- Associated (CA) as well as Hospital-Associated (HA) settings. Identification of new antibacterial agents from natural sources takes the forefront in research. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to identify the resistance pattern of S. aureus in the clinical samples causing disease in Dhaka city, molecular typing of the methicillin non-susceptible S. aureus isolates and identifying new herbal components with anti-microbial effect against S. aureus. Methods: We screened total of 78 clinical specimen of various nature (pus, urine, tracheal aspirate, conjunctiva and wound swab) with confirm S. aureus infection between March 2018 to October 2018. The specimen were cultured on mannitol salt agar to isolate S. aurues, which were later tested for antibiotic resistance according to disc diffusion method. The MRSA isolates were confirmed with PCR and typed for SCCmec element to know the distribution of hospital-associated and community-associated strains. Finally, the MRSA isolates were cultured in the presence of leaf extract and fruit extract of Syzygium cumini for observing the antibacterial potential. Result: A total of 12 isolates of S. aureus were found to be non-susceptible to methicillin, 34%, 25%, 17% out of these were from pus, blood and urine respectively and 8% isolates were from wound swab, conjunctiva and tracheal aspirates each. Out of methicillin non-susceptible isolates, 25% and 16% were HA-MRSA and CAMRSA respectively, as seen from PCR analysis of the SCCmec gene cassette of the S. aureus genome. The rest of the 59% of the isolates were untypable. Overall, higher concentration of leaf and fruit extract reduced the optical density of MRSA culture and reduced bacterial growth in drop plate significantly. Conclusion: Dhaka population has S. aureus with varying sensitivity against methicillin, which needs further characterization by molecular epidemiology methods. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2021; 47(1): 82-89
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