VANET (Vehicular Ad-hoc Network) is a new technology which has taken enormous attention in the recent years. Due to rapid topology changing and frequent disconnection makes it difficult to design an efficient routing protocol for routing data among vehicles, called V2V or vehicle to vehicle communication and vehicle to road side infrastructure, called V2I. The existing routing protocols for VANET are not efficient to meet every traffic scenarios. Thus design of an efficient routing protocol has taken significant attention. So, it is very necessary to identify the pros and cons of routing protocols which can be used for further improvement or development of any new routing protocol. This paper presents the pros and cons of VANET routing protocols for inter vehicle communication.
With the rapid evolution of communication technologies, high-speed optical wireless applications under the water surface as a replacement or complementary to the conventional radio frequency (RF) and acoustic technologies are attracting significant attention from the researchers. Since underwater turbulence (UWT) is an inevitable impediment for a long distance underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) link, mixed RF-UOWC is being considered as a more feasible solution by the research community. This article deals with the secrecy performance of a variable gain relay-based mixed dual-hop RF-UOWC framework under the intercepting attempt of a potential eavesdropper. The RF link undergoes Generalized Gamma (GG) fading distribution, whereas the UOWC link is subjected to mixture Exponential Generalized Gamma (mEGG) distribution. The eavesdropper is capable of wiretapping via a RF link that also experiences the GG fading. The secrecy analysis incorporates the derivations of closed-form expressions for strictly positive secrecy capacity, average secrecy capacity, and exact as well as lower bound of secrecy outage probability in terms of univariate and bivariate Meijer's G and Fox's H functions. Based on these expressions, impacts of heterodyne and intensity modulation/direct detection techniques along with weak, moderate, and severe UWT conditions due to air bubbles, temperature, and salinity gradients are quantified. To the best of authors' knowledge, the proposed model is the first of its kind that addresses the secrecy analysis of a temperature gradient RF-UOWC system along with air bubbles, as opposed to the existing models that considered thermally uniform scenarios only. Finally, the derived expressions are verified via Monte-Carlo simulations.INDEX TERMS Eavesdropper, optical wireless communication, physical layer security, under water turbulence.
Vehicular adhoc network or VANET is special types of adhoc network consists of moving cars referred to as nodes; provide a way to exchange any information between cars without depending on fixed infrastructure. For efficient communication between nodes various routing protocols and mobility models have been proposed based on different scenarios. Due to rapid topology changing and frequent disconnection makes it difficult to select suitable mobility model and routing protocols. Hence performance evaluation and comparison between routing protocols is required to understand any routing protocol as well as to develop a new routing protocol. In this research paper, the performance of two on-demand routing protocols AODV & DSR has been analyzed by means of packet delivery ratio, loss packet ratio & average end-to-end delay with varying speed limit and node density under TCP & CBR connection.
This study attempts to explain the factors influencing blockchain-based mobile banking acceptance in Bangladesh. Based on a technology acceptance framework termed UTAUT2 (unified theory of acceptance and use of technology 2), an enhanced model with a mediating variable is built for this research. Data were collected from the first-ever blockchain-based mobile banking stakeholders in Bangladesh called 'UPAY' by applying a structured questionnaire. Structural equation modeling was then processed using Smart-PLS. There are eight direct hypotheses and one mediating hypothesis in this research. The findings reveal that all of the direct hypotheses except the impact of social influence on the behavioural intention (BI) to use blockchain are statistically significant. The mediating role of BI in the connection between facilitating conditions (FC) and actual blockchain use is also supported. The combination of FC and BI contributes to 88.8% of the variation in blockchain usage behaviour for mobile banking adoption. The findings of this study can help banking regulators devise a strategy for engaging a significant number of banks to create a blockchain-based mobile banking platform.
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