Background The present study covered an assessment of methanolic acetate fractions of Pistia stratiotes , commonly known as water lettuce, for analgesic, anti‐inflammatory, and CNS depressant activities. Methods The methanol acetate fractions were extracted from Pistia stratiotes and administered to the experimental animals as 200 and 400 mg/kg doses to determine the effect on acetic acid‐induced writhing and formalin‐induced licking and biting, for the assessment of analgesic activity. The anti‐inflammatory assay was done using the carrageenan‐induced hind paw edema method, while assessment of CNS depressant activity was done using the open field and hole cross tests. The effects were compared to standard reference drugs. Results At both doses (200 and 400 mg/kg body weight), the methanolic acetate extract of P. stratiotes showed significant analgesic action ( P < 0.05) against acetic acid‐induced writhing. The extract was also found to give significant protection against licking and biting at both doses. The methanolic acetate extract of P. stratiotes showed a significant ( P < 0.05) anti‐inflammatory effect from 0 minutes up to 3 hours in the carrageenan‐induced paw edema test. In the CNS depressant assay, the methanolic acetate extract showed significant ( P < 0.05) depressant activity at both doses from 30 to 120 minutes in both the hole cross and open field tests. Conclusion Thus we can conclude that P. stratiotes extracts have significant analgesic, anti‐inflammatory, and CNS depressant activity, compared to standard compounds, in an animal model.
Objectives: This study investigates analgesic, CNS depressant and anti-inflammatory activities of crude methanolic extract of Peel of Citrus maxima fruits. Materials and Methods: Methanolic extracts of Citrus maxima peel with different concentration were tested for analgesic activity in mouse model of acetic acid induced writhing and formalin induced licking and biting. Anti-inflammatory effect was tested by carrageenan induced paw edema model and the CNS depressant activity was evaluated by observing the reduction of locomotors activity by hole cross and open field test. Results: The extract, at 500 mg/kg, showed higher analgesic activity (73.34%) against acetic acid induced pain in mice while the standard reference drug Diclofenac sodium exhibited 87.13% activity at 10 mg/kg dose. The test dose at 500 mg/kg produced 48.23% protection in formalin induced hind paw licking and biting compared to 54.11% protection by the reference drug (10 mg/kg Diclofenac sodium). The antiinflammatory effect of the extract was comparable to reference drug Ibuprofen and the effect was sustained for 2-4 hr. However, the extract also showed significant dose dependent CNS depressant activity. Conclusion: Methanolic extract of peel of Citrus maxima fruits has CNS depressant effect with moderate analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.
Embankments play a significant role in protecting cities from many natural disasters. Erosion and landslides of embankments and natural slopes are common phenomena occurring every year in Bangladesh. It has become a great concern of protecting embankments and natural slopes from failure. In many cases, traditional methods for protecting embankments and natural slopes are not effective during their designed lives. In such a condition, bio-engineering has been adopted in many countries as an effective and environment friendly measure for the protection of slopes. The role played by vegetation in improving slope stability is now well recognized. Many research works have been done in many countries on many species of trees that are locally available and suitable for the climatic and soil conditions of that country. In this study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the performance of lebbek tree and royal poincianain protecting the Rajshahi City Protection embankment. Insitu direct shear test was performed on block samples to determine the in-situ shear strength of rooted soil and soil without root. A numerical analysis has been performed to compute the factor of safety and shear strength of slope soil with root and without root. Also the effect of different types of vegetation on slope stability is observed by numerical analysis. It has been found that the values of factor of safety vary between 1.781 and 1.926 in case of slope without root whereas the values of factor of safety vary between 1.997 and 2.173 in case of slope with root. In numerical analysis, the shear strength of soil varies between 40.311 kPa to 41.782kPa in case of slope without root whereas in case of slope with root this value varies between 50.929 kPa to 52.13 kPa. The average percentage of increase in shear strength for lebbek tree root is 14.35% whereas this value for royal poinciana is 24.29%. It has been also found thatthe factor of safety of soil slopes without vegetation, with uniform vegetation, cylindrical vegetation and semi-spherical vegetation are 1.605, 1.653, 1.654 and 1.616 respectively. From the results, it is understood that plants with cylindrical root architecture increase the most significantly slope stability. It also appears that lebbek tree and royal poinciana may be low-cost and environment friendly alternative solution for the protection of embankment in Bangladesh.
Faecal sludge generating from fixed-place defecation system has been an increasing concern in Bangladesh. In the city, this challenge is acute due to high population density, rapid and unplanned growth, and inadequate service provisions. Energy can be recovered from faecal sludge (FS) by converting the waste into usable heat, electricity, or fuel through pyrolization. Through Pyrolyzation biochar, biofuel, biogas can be obtained. Biochar can be produced by heating FS at high temperature. The burned portion of the sludge is the biochar, condensed steam is the biofuel and the uncondensed part is the biogas. This study shows that FS has volatile matter ranged between 39 to 50%, which qualify the FS as fuel. The ash residue of FS is between 34 to 45%. The rest of this is moisture. From Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) it was observed that major thermal events (mass loss rate) were found approximately between 150°C and 400°C which was considered as the ideal temperature range for pyrolysis process. Significant amount of biochar but negligible amount of biogas and biofuel were obtained from the samples by the pyrolysis process. 93.3% biochar, 2.8% biofuel and 3.8% biogas (at 200°C); 91.4% biochar, 3.5% biofuel and 5.1% biogas (at 300°C); 84.6% biochar, 9.3% biofuel and 6.1% biogas (at 400°C) were obtained. The result of pyrolysis analysis shows significant potential for energy recovery from FS.
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