This study aims to investigate the potential analgesic properties of the crude extract of Monochoria hastata (MH) leaves using in vivo experiments and in silico analysis. The extract, in a dose-dependent manner, exhibited a moderate analgesic property (~54% pain inhibition in acetic acid-induced writhing test), which is significant (** p < 0.001) as compared to the control group. The complex inflammatory mechanism involves diverse pathways and they are inter-connected. Therefore, multiple inflammatory modulator proteins were selected as the target for in silico analysis. Computational analysis suggests that all the selected targets had different degrees of interaction with the phytochemicals from the extract. Rutin (RU), protocatechuic acid (PA), vanillic acid (VA), and ferulic acid (FA) could regulate multiple targets with a robust efficiency. None of the compounds showed selectivity to Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). However, regulation of COX and lipoxygenase (LOX) cascade by PA can reduce non-steroidal analgesic drugs (NSAIDs)-related side effects, including asthma. RU showed robust regulation of cytokine-mediated pathways like RAS/MAPK and PI3K/NF-kB by inhibition of EGFR and IKBα (IKK), which may prevent multi-organ failure due to cytokine storm in several microbial infections, for example, SARS-CoV-2. Further investigation, using in vivo and in vitro experiments, can be conducted to develop multi-target anti-inflammatory drugs using the isolated compounds from the extract.
The body clock regulation is quite complex to describe in a simple manner. For instance, when the body is symbolized as a machine, that operates all of its staff in a synchronized way, continuously affected by the frame of time and light propensity. As a result, environmental factors such as light and darkness, as well as the body clock (endogenous circadian rhythms) work in unison to improve hemostasis, including the cell cycle, body temperature, feeding, metabolism, and, perhaps most importantly, the sleep-wake cycle as well as memory formation and consolidation [1].Physiological, biological, and behavioural processes in mammals are regulated by circadian rhythms. The endogenous biological clock is located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), a small group of hypothalamic nerves, recognized as the master circadian pacemaker. It is positioned unswervingly above the op-
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