Air pollution is the natural processes caused by human activities through which certain substances enter the atmosphere at a sufficient concentration to cause environmental pollution. The World Health Organization reported that 80% of the world's cases of heart disease and stroke deaths were due to air pollution, and a total of 7 million people in the world died of air pollution in 2012. Unplanned urbanization, industrialization, and agricultural activities contribute to air pollution. Climate change affects air pollution in a number of factors including changes in temperature, solar radiation, humidity, precipitation, atmospheric transport, and biogenic emissions. Increasing scientific evidence shows that air pollution and climate change policies must be integrated to achieve sustainable development and a low carbon (LC) society. Combined efforts to deal with air pollution and climate issues at the urban level will be particularly important as most people are exposed to air pollution, and 75% of global GHG emissions are generated in urban areas.
Global water consumption has increased dramatically with the pace of population growth. Production of food and better standard of living for individuals and nations increase the demand of water. Availability of water in adequate quantity and quality is a necessary condition for sustainable development. Knowledge and understanding of freshwater resources is essential for sustainable development too as it ensures management of renewable natural resources for growth and prosperity. Progress towards sustainable development requires engaging a broad range of actors in government, civil society, and business to assure that water is taken into account in their decision-making process and to promote cooperation across disciplines, sectors, and borders. Water resources, if managed properly, can be realized for sharing of greater benefits to the society. National governments have responsibilities towards their citizens, and therefore, the national governments and the global community need to take action and track progress over a much broader set of water-related challenges.
Environmental problems are enormous around the world and threaten the global environment. In most cases, these problems are caused by rapid growth of population and poverty. Climate change and sustainable development are inter-linked and are priority issues in the development continuum. Any adverse impact on the environment and biodiversity can cause the restriction of resources and limit available options. Concerted efforts of all the states can bring positive result to address the effects of climate change. Compliance with the treaty provision and sharing of resources and actions among the states can ensure proper utilization of resources and sustainable development.
Global warming is unequivocal and almost certainly caused by recent human activities that have increased the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Emissions reductions of carbon dioxide and cumulative carbon emissions from energy consumption have created widespread concern of various government agencies, scientific circle, and the general public. The states and the international community are simultaneously struggling to address climate change. Impacts of carbon emission are inevitable and there is a long debate as to who bears the losses incurred due to the carbon emission. Both the developing and the developed economies need to reduce their CO2 intensity significantly for stabilizing the Earth's climate at no more than a 2°C temperature rise. However, for the sake of health, safety, and environment, the supply of oil and gas as well as emission of carbon need to be operated in an environmentally sustainable manner so as to avoid environmental harms.
Environmental problems are enormous around the world and threaten the global environment. In most cases, these problems are caused by rapid growth of population and poverty. Climate change and sustainable development are inter-linked and are priority issues in the development continuum. Any adverse impact on the environment and biodiversity can cause the restriction of resources and limit available options. Concerted efforts of all the states can bring positive result to address the effects of climate change. Compliance with the treaty provision and sharing of resources and actions among the states can ensure proper utilization of resources and sustainable development.
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