Background: Phytate, a potent inhibitor of calcium, iron, and zinc absorption, may hamper the bioavailability of these micronutrients at the time of pregnancy. This study assessed dietary phytate intake and its inhibitory effect on the bioavailability of calcium, iron, and zinc from the diets of pregnant women in rural Bangladesh. The study also explored significant determinants that predicted the absorption of these minerals from the diet. Methods: A multiple pass recall (MPR) approach was used for this study, with in-depth probing interview covering 24-h dietary recall conducted among 717 pregnant women who were in either their second or third trimester. Results: The mean daily phytate, calcium, iron and zinc intake of the pregnant women were found to be 695.1, 192.2, 5.1, and 5.7 mg respectively. The mean molar ratios of phytate to calcium, iron, zinc and (phytate x calcium)/zinc were 0.27, 12.8, 11.2, and 54.8 respectively. All the molar ratios were found to be significantly higher in a group with the highest phytate intake compared to other intake groups. Phytate inhibited iron absorption from the diet of all the pregnant women sampled, and inhibited calcium absorption among 52 % of the women while inhibition of zinc absorption was not found in a notable number (12 %) of the pregnant women. When using multivariate models, phytate intake, inadequate micronutrient intake, gestational age, and energy intake significantly predicted the variance in phytate to mineral molar ratios. The predicting models calculated about 92 %, 88 %, and 89 % variance in phytate to calcium, iron, and zinc molar ratios respectively. Phytate to calcium, iron, and zinc molar ratios would be expected to be respectively 0.05, 2.48, and 1.96 points higher for every 100 mg increment in daily phytate intake. Conclusions: Phytate intake was found to inhibit the bioavailability of iron and calcium from the diets of pregnant women. Moreover, phytate was one of the strongest inhibitory predictors of calcium, iron and zinc bioavailability.

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With the rapid expansion of wireless technologies, the deployment of video streaming services has turned into more popular over the heterogeneous wireless networks in recent years, significantly enhancing the user experience. Generally, the heterogeneous networks are considered vertical handover in which the link capacity is varied significantly because the performance and quality of service of video are affected by the network status. The enriched performance and accessibility of various wireless access technologies are stimulated towards increased utilization mobile users. In such a network it is dominant for transfers to continue seamless connectivity and a satisfactory quality of service for mobile users. Therefore, providing the seamless handover and service quality promises is one of the key matters for video streaming services. The aim of this paper is to present an SINR-based unified procedure of available network and mobility behavior based on the standard of IEEE 802.21 media independent handover, the cooperative Proxy Mobile IPv6 and signal to interference noise ratio to assist lessening of the handover period during the video transmission. This paper also presents both horizontal and vertical handover simulation efforts based on the performance of handover metrics under various existing protocols in terms of packet and frame loss, handover latency, and peak signal noise ratio. Simulation results show that the proposed SINR-based unified procedure performs better quality of service efficiency for both horizontal and vertical handover.

Abstract. The next-generation mobile and wireless communications will be supported by an all-IP based infrastructure which requires an effective mobility management protocol to support ubiquitous network access by providing seamless handover. However, the recent explosion on the usage of mobile devices has also generated several issues in terms of performance and quality of service (QoS). Nowadays, mobile users demand high quality performance, best QoS and seamless connections that support real-time application such as audio and video streaming. This paper aims to study the impact and evaluate the mobility management protocols under micro mobility domain on link-layer and network-layer handover performance. We propose an integrated solution of network-based mobility management framework, based on Proxy Mobile IPv6, to reduce handover latency when mobile host moves to new network during handover on high speed mobility. We conducted simulations and analyze the network performances for mobile host under high speed for the proposed mobility protocols.

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The Internet Engineering Task Force provides a network-based mobility management solution to execute handover in heterogeneous networks on network-side called Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6). In this data article, data are presented during the horizontal and vertical handover on video communication in PMIPv6 mobility protocols. The handover data are gathered using several measurement factors, which are latency, jitter, cumulative measured, and peak signal noise ratio under network simulation software, for both horizontal and vertical handovers [8].

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With the rapid developments and convergence in the communication and personal computing technology fields, the overall quality of ubiquitous communication has improved significantly. This is especially true with invention of portable mobile devices that can be connected almost everywhere at any time. However, the recent explosion on the usage of mobile devices has also generated several issues in terms of performance and quality of service. Nowadays, mobile users demand high quality performance, best quality of services and seamless connections that support real-time application such as audio and video streaming. The aim of this paper is to study the impact and evaluate the inter-domain and intra-domain protocols on network layer handover performance. We conducted simulations to analyze the relationship between the network performances with the moving speed of mobile host over mobility protocols. From our simulation results, we presented and analyzed the results of mobility protocols under intra-domain and inter-domain traffics.