Peri-operative SARS-CoV-2 infection increases postoperative mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal duration of planned delay before surgery in patients who have had SARS-CoV-2 infection. This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study included patients undergoing elective or emergency surgery during October 2020. Surgical patients with pre-operative SARS-CoV-2 infection were compared with those without previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality. Logistic regression models were used to calculate adjusted 30-day mortality rates stratified by time from diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection to surgery. Among 140,231 patients (116 countries), 3127 patients (2.2%) had a pre-operative SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis. Adjusted 30-day mortality in patients without SARS-CoV-2 infection was 1.5% (95%CI 1.4-1.5). In patients with a pre-operative SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis, mortality was increased in patients having surgery within 0-2 weeks, 3-4 weeks and 5-6 weeks of the diagnosis (odds ratio (95%CI) 4.1 (3.3-4.8), 3.9 (2.6-5.1) and 3.6 (2.0-5.2), respectively). Surgery performed ≥ 7 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis was associated with a similar mortality risk to baseline (odds ratio (95%CI) 1.5 (0.9-2.1)). After a ≥ 7 week delay in undertaking surgery following SARS-CoV-2 infection, patients with ongoing symptoms had a higher mortality than patients whose symptoms had resolved or who had been asymptomatic (6.0% (95%CI 3.2-8.7) vs. 2.4% (95%CI 1.4-3.4) vs. 1.3% (95%CI 0.6-2.0), respectively). Where possible, surgery should be delayed for at least 7 weeks following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients with ongoing symptoms ≥ 7 weeks from diagnosis may benefit from further delay.

SARS-CoV-2 has been associated with an increased rate of venous thromboembolism in critically ill patients. Since surgical patients are already at higher risk of venous thromboembolism than general populations, this study aimed to determine if patients with peri-operative or prior SARS-CoV-2 were at further increased risk of venous thromboembolism. We conducted a planned sub-study and analysis from an international, multicentre, prospective cohort study of elective and emergency patients undergoing surgery during October 2020. Patients from all surgical specialties were included. The primary outcome measure was venous thromboembolism (pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis) within 30 days of surgery. SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis was defined as peri-operative (7 days before to 30 days after surgery); recent (1-6 weeks before surgery); previous (≥7 weeks before surgery); or none. Information on prophylaxis regimens or pre-operative anti-coagulation for baseline comorbidities was not available. Postoperative venous thromboembolism rate was 0.5% (666/123,591) in patients without SARS-CoV-2; 2.2% (50/2317) in patients with peri-operative SARS-CoV-2; 1.6% (15/953) in patients with recent SARS-CoV-2; and 1.0% (11/1148) in patients with previous SARS-CoV-2. After adjustment for confounding factors, patients with peri-operative (adjusted odds ratio 1.5 (95%CI 1.1-2.0)) and recent SARS-CoV-2 (1.9 (95%CI 1.2-3.3)) remained at higher risk of venous thromboembolism, with a borderline finding in previous SARS-CoV-2 (1.7 (95%CI 0.9-3.0)). Overall, venous thromboembolism was independently associated with 30-day mortality ). In patients with SARS-CoV-2, mortality without venous thromboembolism was 7.4% (319/4342) and with venous thromboembolism was 40.8% (31/76). Patients undergoing surgery with peri-operative or recent SARS-CoV-2 appear to be at increased risk of postoperative venous thromboembolism compared with patients with no history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Optimal venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and treatment are unknown in this cohort of patients, and these data should be interpreted accordingly.

Problem statement: 5S practice is one of the techniques to improve quality environment, health and safety at the workplace. Evaluation of 5S practice can be done through implementation of 5S audit at each division in the company. Approach: Through 5S audit, it enables each company to identify the potential level of quality improvement and at the same time can analyze their ability and weakness of each division in the company. Therefore, in order to assess the implementation of 5S practice, two manufacturing companies were involved in this study. Results: The study started with understanding background of the company, recognizing divisions to be assessed in the company and come out with the complete 5S checklist for each division for auditing process. Based on the result, both companies basically perform an excellent 5S practice, but there are a few weaknesses that still need to be considered such as arrangement of the documents, tool and equipment. Conclusion/Recommendations: Moreover, both companies agreed that the 5S practice is seen as an effective technique that can improve housekeeping, environmental performance, health and safety standards in their workplace. However, effort and participation from top management is a key factor that determines the success of the 5S practice.

This study examines the poverty and food security analysis of fishermen households in a selected area of Gopalganj Sadar Upazila in Gopalganj District in Bangladesh. A sample size of 60 households was selected purposively from four villages. Data was collected through field survey by using pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire. Calorie intake levels were calculated and statistical comparisons were done. Multiple regression analysis was carried out to determine the factor influencing calorie intake in individual levels. Food consumption scores were used to determine calorie intake levels. The major findings of the study were that income, education, cultivable area and rented area had positive impact on calorie intake but age of the respondents and family size had negative impact on calorie intake. About 68.33% of the respondents belonged to hard core poor whose average calorie intake was 1692.32 k. calories and 25% of the respondents had an average calorie intake 1890.93 k. calories and they belonged to absolute poor. The rest 6.67 % of the respondents took above 2122 kilo calories and average calorie intake was 2193.50 k. calories. There was 20% households having poor food consumption and 42% having borderline food consumption. Only 6.67% fishermen households have acceptable low food consumption and 3.33% have acceptable high food consumption.

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., Arockiaraj J. 2015. Elucidation of innate immune components in the epidermal mucus of different freshwater fi sh species. Acta Ichthyol. Piscat. 45 (3): 221-230.Background. Fish epidermal mucus is a key component of innate immune system and plays a major role in protecting fi sh against invading pathogenic microbes. The information on the role of epidermal mucus components is insuffi cient for many commercially important freshwater fi sh species. Hence, this study was directed to understand the innate immune components of epidermal mucus in these fi sh species. Materials and methods. Mucus samples were obtained from African catfi sh, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822); Indonesian snakehead, Channa micropeltes (Cuvier, 1831); striped snakehead, Channa striatus (Bloch, 1793); marble goby, Oxyeleotris marmorata (Bleeker, 1852); Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758); and Asian redtail catfi sh, Hemibagrus nemurus (Valenciennes, 1840). The variation in the protein profi le of the mucus were observed using SDS-PAGE analysis. The specifi c activities of various hydrolytic enzymes including lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase, esterase, and protease were analysed in the mucus and the levels of enzyme activities were compared among the experimental fi shes. We also elucidated the effect of various protease inhibitors on the protease activity and identifi ed the type of proteases in the fi sh mucus by azocasein hydrolysis assay and zymography. Results. Signifi cantly (P < 0.05) highest levels of lysozyme-, alkaline phosphatase-, and esterase activities were observed to be 15.77, 18.96, and 10.65 U · mg -1 protein respectively in C. striatus followed by 13.67, 15.06, and 16.67 U · mg -1 protein, respectively in C. gariepinus. The highest level of protease activity was recorded in H. nemurus (1630.97 U · mg -1 protein) and C. gariepinus (1596.4 U · mg -1 protein). A wide range of variation was noticed in the enzyme activities of fi shes, even from the same genus, for example C. micropeltes and C. striatus. Specifi c inhibitors were added to azocasein hydrolysis assay and zymography experiments to characterize the individual proteases present in the mucus of each fi sh species. This result revealed the highest level of serine proteases in mucus of redtail catfi sh and African catfi sh compared to cysteine and metalloproteases. In contrast, Indonesian snakehead and marble goby had similar levels of serine, cysteine and metalloproteases. Conclusion. This study provides an insight into the presence of various epidermal mucus enzymes in fi shes and therefore believed to be the components of innate immune system that may possibly provide protection for the fi sh against invading pathogenic microbes.

To assess the impact of dadon (interest-based loan) on catch, quality and post-harvest loss (PHL) reduction of open water fisheries, a 12-month study was carried out among the six fish landing centers (FLC) under 5 haor upazilas in Kishoreganj district of Bangladesh, viz. Chamra ghat Matshaya Arat in Karimganj upazila, Tarail Matshaya Arat in Tarail upazila, Chouganga Matshaya Arat in Itna upazila, Korgaon bazar Matshaya Arat in Kotiadi upazila, Rodar podda Matshaya Arat and Nikli notun bazar Matshaya Arat in Nikli upazila, from August 2018 to July 2019. Data were collected using pre-tested questionnaire interview and focus group discussion on dadon receiver (DR) and dadon non-receiver (DnR) fishermen and the data were verified and checked through key informant interviews (KII). One hundred twenty (120) interviewees (60 fishermen from each group of DR and DnR) were randomly selected from 6 landing centers to collect empirical data. The rate of commission taken by aratdar was higher in DR (5.9%-8.5%) compared to DnR (3.9%-5.69%). Results indicated that, no icing practice (34.17%), poor hygienic condition during handling (15.83%) and use of inadequate ice in fish after harvest were the major reasons for post-harvest loss of wet fish. The estimated average PHL was 6.7% in fishers' custody from DR compared to DnR (12.4%), but the PHL was increased in the successive supply chain, the PHL of fish from boat to FLC and up to arat by DR was significantly lesser compared to DnR (P < 0.05). The fish handling status was comparatively better in DR fishermen (p > 0.05) compared to DnR, while DR washed their fish better than DnR (p < 0.05). Uses of ice box, steel drum, plastic drum and plastic crate were found to be dominant among the DR compared to DnR (p < 0.05). Ice-fish ratio was found to be inadequate (p < 0.05) by DnR fishermen (ice: fish = 1:2.99) compared to DR (ice: fish = 1:1.58). The catch size and sell/day of fish by DR fishermen were higher compared to that of DnR fishermen (p > 0.05). Therefore, the study revealed that DR fishermen were found to be comparatively able to catch and sell more fish, keep the quality of fish better and reduce the PHL more than DnR fishermen.

Developing quality information system is always an issue in the IT industry since quality information system is also affected by the values contributed by each team members. In educating university students to develop satisfied information system, the educators need to educate them in building teamwork throughout their development project. This study depicted how university students have used Waterfall model for developing quality information system. The students are required to accomplish their development project according to the required syllabus. The project is considered as their assessment and marks are given to them accordingly. Besides obtaining their assessment result, this study is also concern in looking at their teamwork level. This paper also reports on how the students anticipate within their own team in accomplishing their software project by using Waterfall Model. The study on students' teamwork has been conducted to analyze teamwork criteria namely shared leadership, team orientation, redundancy, learning and autonomy. Data gathered for this study is collected among students who are doing Computer Science-related project by using online survey. The result of this study has found out that students build up their leadership and improve their teamwork skill and hence gain team members' trust after accomplishing software project.