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| A cross-sectional epidemiological investigation was conducted from February 2014 to July 2014 with the objectives of estimating the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of small ruminants in Sullah Upazilla of Sunamgonj District, Bangladesh. The study population was comprised of 400 small ruminants (goat and sheep). The whole study area was divided into ten sub groups to facilitate the collection of fecal sample. The study shows various species of helminths suggesting the ambient condition and the nature of sheep and goat rearing system are very favourable for the transmission and existence of the parasite species. Therefore, further broad aspect studies are essential to estimate the impact of gastrointestinal helminths infection on the rural small ruminants of Bangladesh.

Infectious diseases are one of the major constraints in Sonali chicken production in the Kishoreganj district of Bangladesh. However, the estimates of their prevalences including their pathological affections were limited. Therefore, we designed a retrospective cross-sectional study with a total of 362 Sonali birds from March 2018 to February 2019 to explore the prevalences and pathological changes of different infectious diseases in this district. Results showed that, coccidiosis attributed the highest prevalence (21.27%) in Sonali chickens among the infectious diseases, as the magnitudes of IBD (18.51%) and ND (14.64%) were moderate, whilst colibacillosis (5.53%), mycoplasmosis (5.25%), salmonellosis (3.59%), and fowl cholera (3.32%) showed a lower burden. The results also revealed a significant variation (p < 0.05) in the susceptibility to diseases at different ages; as 0-20 days age group was more susceptible to IBD, 21-40 days age group to coccidiosis, 41-60 days age group to ND, and above 60 days age group to colibacillosis. Despite a little variation in overall seasonal prevalences, some specific infectious diseases, like IBD showed a higher occurrence in the winter (26.32%) and summer (17.97%), while coccidiosis in the rainy season (26.32%), than other diseases. The typical pathological changes were observed in the birds affected with ND, IBD, and coccidiosis. These results provide an overall scenario of infectious diseases of Sonali chickens in the study area, which guides both the disease control authority to prioritize the disease burden and to plan their efficient control strategies and the Sonali raisers to orchestrate their disease management protocols.

| Strongyloidiasis infection caused by Strongyloides stercoralis is still an elusive disease in spite of recent advances with experiments on animal models. As it is endemic in developing countries such as Asia, Africa, Southeast Asia, Bangladesh, Central and South America but still poses a threat to the developed world owing to its peculiar trait of autoinfection, hyper-infection syndrome involving pulmonary and gastrointestinal system and disseminated infection with involvement of other organs like liver, brain and lungs. It can occur asymptomatically which confuses the clinicians during diagnosis as it has no gold standard diagnostic techniques although luciferase immune-precipitation system shows increased sensitivity and specificity to detect S. stercoralis specific antibody titter in serum and PCR method to detect DNA in fecal samples. Ivermectin and albendazole are recommended anthelmintic for strongyloides infection. This review will be focused on current published research on improved diagnostic techniques for strongyloidiasis detection and immune mechanism thought to be responsible for hyper-infection along with epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. S. stercoralis is still a global health concerned topic that is undermined in many countries. Novel diagnostic methods are expected to improve epidemiological studies, treatment, control and prevention of strongyloidiasis. Further studies are needed to open the mechanism of severe clinical manifestations of human strongyloidiasis.

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