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In this paper, we focus on an essential energy management approach for enhancing energy efficiency (EE) as well as reducing fuel consumption of off-grid cellular networks whose base stations (BSs) are supplied with hybrid power sources including solar PV array and diesel generator (DG). To take the full advantage of PV technology, this paper examines the reliability performance and carbon footprint implications in addition to EE. This paper also investigates the benefits of unevenly harvested green energy sharing mechanism under zero fuel consumption scheme via physically installed resistive power lines taking into account of dynamic nature of renewable energy (RE) generation and traffic arrival density. Furthermore, joint transmission coordinated multipoint (JT-CoMP) user association technique is integrated for achieving higher throughput and EE performance providing the best SINR quality to a connected user equipment (UE). A comprehensive Monte-Carlo based simulation study has been carried out for evaluating EE, EE index (EEI), and energy saving performances in downlink LTE-advanced networks under a wide range of network settings. The results reveal that the proposed system can attain up to 26% energy savings via cooperation mechanism and 48.7% more energy efficient in terms of EEI under peak load over the conventional hybrid paradigm. INDEX TERMS Renewable energy management, Green cellular network, Energy efficiency, Joint coordination, LTE-A.

The widespread proliferation of internet access, affordable wireless gadgets, the user data demand and the corresponding extended cellular networks entailing significant energy consumption and carbon footprints. With the added benefits of renewable energy harvesting (REH) technology, telecom base stations (BSs) are predominantly supplied by green power sources to reduce operational expenditure (OPEX) and atmospheric pollution with guaranteed quality of service (QoS). Accordingly, this paper examines the plausibility of optimal power supply solutions such as standalone solar photovoltaic (PV), hybrid PV/wind turbine (PV/WT), hybrid PV/diesel generator (DG) and hybrid PV/electric grid (PV/EG) to feed the Long Term Evolution (LTE) BSs pertaining to technical, economic and environmental aspects in Bangladesh. An extensive Monte-Carlo based simulations are performed to evaluate wireless network performance in terms of throughput, energy efficiency (EE), energy efficiency gain (EE gain), average energy savings, radio efficiency varying system bandwidth (B) and BS transmission power (P TX) considering the dynamic behavior of traffic intensity and renewable energy (RE) generation profile. By leveraging the cell zooming technique and a green traffic steering framework endeavors to minimize the net present cost and maximize the average energy savings as well. The simulation results reveal that the cell zooming technique attained energy savings yielding up to 36% and improvement of EE gain achieved about 23% with effective modeling of REH. Subsequently, a comprehensive comparison of the aforementioned schemes is pledged for further validation. INDEX TERMS Green cellular networks, renewable energy harvesting, hybrid energy, energy efficiency, cell zooming, eco-sustainability, LTE.

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The enormous growth in the cellular networks and ubiquitous wireless services has incurred momentous energy consumption, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and thereby, imposed a great challenge to the development of energy-efficient sustainable cellular networks. With the augmentation of harvesting renewable energy, cellular base stations (BSs) are progressively being powered by renewable energy sources (RES) to reduce the energy crisis, carbon contents, and its dependency on conventional grid supply. Thus, the combined utilization of renewable energy sources with the electrical grid system is proving to be a more realistic option for developing an energy-efficient as well as an eco-sustainable system in the context of green mobile communications. The ultimate objective of this work is to develop a traffic-aware grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) optimal power supply system endeavoring the remote radio head (RRH) enabled heterogeneous networks (HetNets) aiming to minimize grid energy consumption and carbon footprint while ensuring long-term energy sustainability and energy efficiency (EE). Moreover, the load balancing technique is implemented among collocated BSs for better resource blocks (RBs) utilization and thereafter, the performance of the system is compared with an existing cell zooming enabled cellular architecture for benchmarking. Besides, the techno-economic feasibility of the envisaged system has been extensively analyzed using HOMER optimization software considering the dynamic nature of solar generation profile and traffic arrival rate. Furthermore, a thorough investigation is conducted with the help of Monte-Carlo simulations to assess the wireless network performance in terms of throughput, spectral efficiency (SE), and energy efficiency as well under a wide range of design scenarios. The numerical outcomes demonstrate that the proposed grid-tied solar PV/battery system can achieve a significant reduction of grid power consumption yielding up to 54.8% and ensure prominent energy sustainability with the effective modeling of renewable energy harvesting.

In a transmission line, sag is intentionally provided to relax the tension on the wire when placed between two terminals. However, thermal stress and extreme weather conditions can cause increases in transmission line sag, which can eventually damage transmission line infrastructure. In this regard, this paper examines a number of sag measurement techniques based on physical or optical properties and integrated with signal processing and communication technologies. The performance of different sag measurement methods is compared in terms of accuracy, precision and key feature. Several challenges and limitations of the existing sag measurement mechanisms are reported. A number of recommendations to address the identified challenges are made. Moreover, an efficient communication framework for sag related information exchange is proposed. This comprehensive review of the sag measurement techniques will facilitate the evolution of new and efficient real-time sag measurement and monitoring methods.

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