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The native three dimensional structure of a single protein is determined by the physico chemical nature of its constituent amino acids. The twenty different types of amino acids, depending on their physico chemical properties, can be grouped into three major classeshydrophobic, hydrophilic and charged. We have studied the anatomy of the weighted and unweighted networks of hydrophobic, hydrophilic and charged residues separately for a large number of proteins. Our results show that the average degree of the hydrophobic networks has significantly larger value than that of hydrophilic and charged networks. The average degree of the hydrophilic networks is slightly higher than that of charged networks. The average strength of the nodes of hydrophobic networks is nearly equal to that of the charged network; whereas that of hydrophilic networks has smaller value than that of hydrophobic and charged networks. The average strength for each of the three types of networks varies with its degree. The average strength of a node in charged networks increases more sharply than that of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic networks. Each of the three types of networks exhibits the 'small-world' property. Our results further indicate that the all amino acids' networks and hydrophobic networks are of assortative type. While maximum of the hydrophilic and charged networks are of assortative type, few others have the characteristics of disassortative mixing of the nodes. We have further observed that all amino acids' networks and hydrophobic networks bear the signature of hierarchy; whereas the hydrophilic and charged networks do not have any hierarchical signature.

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The information regarding the structure of a single protein is encoded in the network of interacting amino acids. Considering each protein as a weighted and unweighted network of amino acids we have analyzed a total of forty nine protein structures that covers the three branches of life on earth. Our results show that the probability degree distribution of network connectivity follows Poisson's distribution; whereas the probability strength distribution does not follow any known distribution. However, the average strength of amino acid node depends on its degree (k). For some of the proteins, the strength of a node increases linearly with k. On the other hand, for a set of other proteins, although the strength increases linaerly with k for smaller values of k, we have not obtained any clear functional relationship of strength with degree at higher values of k. The results also show that the weight of the amino acid nodes belonging to the highly connected nodes tend to have a higher value. The result that the average clustering coefficient of weighted network is less than that of unweighted network implies that the topological clustering is generated by edges with low weights. The ratio of average clustering coefficients of protein network to that of the corresponding classical random network varies linearly with the number (N) of amino acids of a protein; whereas the ratio of characteristic path lengths varies logarithmically with N. The power law behaviour of clustering coefficients of weighted and unweighted network as a function of degree k indicates that the network has a signature of hierarchical network. It has also been observed that the network is of assortative type

Human prostate cancer is a complex heterogeneous disease that mainly affects elder male population of the western world with a high rate of mortality. Acquisitions of diverse sets of hallmark capabilities along with an aberrant functioning of androgen receptor signaling are the central driving forces behind prostatic tumorigenesis and its transition into metastatic castration resistant disease. These hallmark capabilities arise due to an intense orchestration of several crucial factors, including deregulation of vital cell physiological processes, inactivation of tumor suppressive activity and disruption of prostate gland specific cellular homeostasis. The molecular complexity and redundancy of oncoproteins signaling in prostate cancer demands for concurrent inhibition of multiple hallmark associated pathways. By an extensive manual curation of the published biomedical literature, we have developed Human Prostate Cancer Hallmarks Map (HPCHM), an onco-functional atlas of human prostate cancer associated signaling and events. It explores molecular architecture of prostate cancer signaling at various levels, namely key protein components, molecular connectivity map, oncogenic signaling pathway map, pathway based functional connectivity map etc. Here, we briefly represent the systems level understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with prostate tumorigenesis by considering each and individual molecular and cell biological events of this disease process.

The effects of management of single forearm arterial injuries without other associated major muscular, vascular, or neurological trauma were studied. Ninety-six patients with acute injuries to either radial or ulnar arteries without obvious associated major injuries were evaluated. No patient had an ischemic hand secondary to arterial injury. The selection of operative treatment by arterial repair or ligation was by surgeon choice (50 injuries were ligated, and 46 were repaired). Six months to six years postoperative follow-up was done. The overall patency rate for all repaired vessels was 52% (24 cases). The collateral arteries appeared to be a factor causing the low patency rate. The remaining intact artery demonstrated a consistent increase in flow velocity. No subject had hand claudication; there were 51 cases (53%) of hand weakness, 27 incidents (28%) of parasthesia, and 14 incidents (15%) of cold sensitivity independent of patency of the damaged forearm vessel. In the absence of acute hand ischemia, ligation of a lacerated radial or ulnar artery is safe and cost effective.

Dyslipidemia is highly prevalent in the urban and rural areas of Bangladesh but information in the suburban,  is limited. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of dyslipidemia in sample    population who live in the sub-urban area of Bangladesh. Random sampling of the volunteers aged > or = 18  years in Bhaluka upozilla of Mymensingh district was done. After 12-hour fasting, the blood sampling was  drawn for the analysis of fasting glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. In the present study, we have shown that there is increasing trend of dyslipidemia even in the sub-urban community. Women had significantly higher body mass index, serum cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels than men after 40 years of age. Of the study population 16.9% had high TC (e”240 m/dl), and 8.8% had low HDL-C (d”40 mg/dl). The population with high (e”160 mg/dl) LDL-C was 15.7%. In addition, 17.8% had high TG (e”200 mg/dl) and 2.0% had very high TG (e”350 mg/dl). Our findings also suggest a protective role of ordinary Bangladeshi diet such as fish cooked in mustard oil on dyslipidemia. Individually, both fish and the mustard oil are rich in unsaturated fatty acids, and biologically, their beneficial effects are related not only to reduction of blood pressure, but also to lowering of lipids and to their antithrombotic effects. In conclusion, prevalence of dyslipidemia was very high in Bangladeshi sub-urban region. Useful role of fish cooked in mustard oil, as a protective factor needs to be probed further in future longitudinal studies. The observed prevalence of dyslipidemia in this study suggests the need for a comprehensive national policy to control dyslipidemia in Bangladesh. Further surveillance in this population is essential in verifying the impact of dyslipidemia as a risk of cardiovascular  disease in Bangladeshi people. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/uhj.v8i1.11662 University Heart Journal Vol. 8, No. 1, January 2012