Background: Ganoderma lucidum (GL) is known as a potent alleviator against chronic inflammatory disease like atherosclerosis (AS), but its critical bioactive compounds and their mechanisms against AS have not been unveiled. This research aimed to identify the key compounds(s) and mechanism(s) of GL against AS through network pharmacology.Methods: The compounds from GL were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrum (GC-MS), and SwissADME screened their physicochemical properties. Then, the gene(s) associated with the screened compound(s) or AS related genes were identified by public databases, and we selected the overlapping genes using a Venn diagram. The networks between overlapping genes and compounds were visualized, constructed, and analyzed by RStudio. Finally, we performed molecular docking test (MDT) to identify key gene(s), compound(s) on AutoDockVina.Results: A total of 35 compounds in GL was detected via GC-MS, and 34 compounds (accepted by the Lipinski's rule) were selected as drug-like compounds (DLCs). A total of 34 compounds were connected to the number of 785 genes and 2,606 AS-related genes were identified by DisGeNET and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM). The final 98 overlapping genes were extracted between the compounds-genes network and AS-related genes. On Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment, the number of 27 signaling pathways were sorted out, and a hub signaling pathway (MAPK signaling pathway), a core gene (PRKCA), and a key compound (Benzamide, 4-acetyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)) were selected among the 27 signaling pathways via MDT. Conclusion: Overall, we found that the identified 3 DLCs from GL have potent anti-inflammatory efficacy, improving AS by inactivating the MAPK signaling pathway.
Since December 2019, Novel coronavirus disease has been shown an extensive impact on social, mental, personal, and economic fields throughout the world. In this pandemic situation, people are worried and interested to know what is going on in the upcoming days. Therefore, it is very important to provide relevant information about how many people are affected and will infect in near future. Moreover, they need to know how to spread different symptoms and prevention steps of this disease. Hence, we developed an informative and prediction-based web portal named COVID-19: Update, Forecast and Assistant which provides real-time information on COVID-19 cases in Bangladesh and worldwide. In this model, we also provide a machine learning-based short-term forecasting web tool that is used to predict infectious and fatality cases in an upcoming couple of days. Also, we provide precaution steps against coronavirus, emergency contacts of testing, and treatment centers for individuals.Index Terms-COVID-19, web portal, infectious cases, fatalities, forecasting
Background: Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) showed promising clinical efficacy toward COVID-19 patients as painkillers and anti-inflammatory agents. However, the prospective anti-COVID-19 mechanisms of NSAIDs are not evidently exposed. Therefore, we intended to decipher the most potent NSAIDs candidate(s) and its novel mechanism(s) against COVID-19 by network pharmacology.Method: FDA (U.S. Food & Drug Administration) approved twenty NSAIDs were used for this study. Genes related to selected NSAIDs and COVID-19 related genes were identified by the Similarity Ensemble Approach, Swiss Target Prediction, and PubChem databases. Venn diagram identified overlapping genes between NSAIDs and COVID-19 related genes. The interactive networking between NSAIDs and overlapping genes was analyzed by STRING. RStudio plotted the bubble chart of KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of overlapping genes. Finally, the binding affinity of NSAIDs against target genes was determined through molecular docking analysis.Results: Geneset enrichment analysis exhibited 26 signaling pathways against COVID-19. Inhibition of proinflammatory stimuli of tissues and/or cells by inactivating RAS signaling pathway was identified as the key anti-COVID-19 mechanism of NSAIDs. Besides, MAPK8, MAPK10, and BAD genes were explored as the associated genes of the RAS. Among twenty NSAIDs, 6MNA, rofecoxib, and indomethacin revealed promising binding affinity with the highest docking score against three identified genes, respectively.Conclusions: Overall, our proposed three NSAIDs (6MNA, rofecoxib, and indomethacin) might block the RAS by inactivating its associated genes, thus may alleviate excessive inflammation induced by SARS-CoV-2.
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of the pharmacists and patients' satisfaction in coronavirus disease-19 pandemic in Pakistan. Materials and Methods: A total of 314 participants participated in the study by cross-sectional study design and convenient sampling technique. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Results: Results revealed that significant number of respondents was not fully satisfied with behavior of the pharmacists. Around half of the respondents were agreed that pharmacists dispensed the same medication as prescribed by the prescribers. Around 38.9% of respondents noticed that pharmacists were not taking keen interest in resolving their health issues. Statistically, significant association (P < 0.05) was observed among patients' overall satisfaction with pharmacists' behavior and services, and precise dispensing of medications, medications counseling, interest in resolving patients' health problems, and general attention given by the pharmacists toward patients. Conclusion: The study concluded that pharmacists should pay more attention to deal with their patients, especially during such pandemics when there is a more need of empathy and good behavior to increase patients' satisfaction and decrease health-related problems.
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