Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS)-based solar cells have exhibited greater performance than the ones utilizing cadmium telluride (CdTe) or hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si: H) as the absorber. CIGS-based devices are more efficient, considering their device performance, environmentally benign nature, and reduced cost. In this article, we proposed a potential CIGS-absorber-based solar cell with an FTO/ZnSe/CIGS/V2O5/Cu heterostructure, with a V2O5 back-surface field (BSF) layer, SnO2:F (FTO) window layer, and ZnSe buffer layer. Using the solar cell capacitance simulator one-dimensional simulation software, the effects of the presence of the BSF layer, the thickness, bulk defect density, and acceptor density of the absorber layer, buffer layer thickness, interfacial defect density, device resistance, and operating temperature on the open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, fill factor, and efficiency, as well as on the quantum efficiency and recombination and generation rate, of the device have been explored in detail. The simulation results revealed that only a 1 μm-thick-CIGS absorber layer with V2O5 BSF and ZnSe buffer layers in this structure offers an outstanding efficiency of 31.86% with a VOC of ∼0.9 V. Thus, these outcomes of the CIGS-based proposed heterostructure provide an insightful pathway for fabricating high-efficiency solar cells with performance more promising than the previously reported conventional designs.
Bentonite is a type of clay with a very high proportion of clay mineral montmorillonite, resulting from the decomposition of volcanic ash. With high plasticity, Bentonite is highly water absorbent and has high shrinkage and swelling characteristics. Bentonite slurry is often used to solve problems in the construction of borings or excavating trenches in water-saturated soils. Over time, the uses of bentonite spread into more current applications including papermaking technology, cutoff walls, wastewater purification and even into different aspects of nano-technology because of nano-sizes of bentonite particles. Due to its vast engineering applications, it is of highly research interest. In this present study, an analytical approach has been made to find a suitable bentonite sample from three different types of bentonite samples (China, Pakistan and India) by analyzing their engineering properties and economy as well. Finally, China Bentonite sample is found to be most suitable with good engineering properties and economy than other samples.
The results of a study on an international river Dudhkumar (shared by Bhutan, India and Bangladesh) analyzing flood frequency of 14 years using Gumbel and Powell distribution have been presented in this paper. Flash flood occurrence over recent years had washed away fields making vulnerable life safety. It was assumed that, Dudhkmar flood flows obey the Gumbel and Powell distribution. The scale and shape parameters of the distribution were estimated using method of moments.. A Chi-square test results (p =1.000) between observed and predicted flood flows which is considered to be not statistically significant by the conventional criteria. Due to goodness of fit of the Gumbel and Powell distribution, it was assumed to be appropriate for modeling frequency of Dudhkumar River floods. However, the magnitudes of the 100, 200 and 1000 year floods were significantly differed in the two mentioned methods.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.