Background: Surgical mortality data are collected routinely in high-income countries, yet virtually no low-or middle-income countries have outcome surveillance in place. The aim was prospectively to collect worldwide mortality data following emergency abdominal surgery, comparing findings across countries with a low, middle or high Human Development Index (HDI).Methods: This was a prospective, multicentre, cohort study. Self-selected hospitals performing emergency surgery submitted prespecified data for consecutive patients from at least one 2-week interval during July to December 2014. Postoperative mortality was analysed by hierarchical multivariable logistic regression.
The effect of dietary lipid level upon various quality parameters of smoked rainbow trout were examined. Fish were fed four experimental diets differing in lipid content (18.8–31.4%). Groups received either a lipid‐rich diet throughout the trial (101 days), a lipid‐rich feed for 46 days followed by a lower fat diet for 55 days and vice versa, or a low fat diet throughout. A fifth group (controls), consisting of commercially reared animals, was employed for comparative purposes. The visceral fraction of experimental fish increased with increasing lipid ingestion, whereas final process yield decreased. Chemical analyses following salting and hot‐smoking revealed that fillet lipid and ash was higher (P < 0.05) and moisture lower (P < 0.05) for fish fed the high‐lipid diet throughout and during the last 55 days of trial. No differences were recorded with respect to sensory attributes between treatment groups, although differences were observed between tank‐reared and control fish. In experimental animals, fillet protein content was negatively correlated with juiciness and fibreness, while dry matter was correlated with juiciness, fresh oily taste and rose flesh colour. The present study indicates that high lipid feeds can be employed without negatively influencing sensory characteristics or yield provided that lean finishing diets are fed prior to slaughter. Fasting of fish for 61 days improved slaughter yields without affecting relative yields among dietary groups.
Distension of the rat intestine causes a capsaicin-sensitive, pressure-dependent depressor response which is indicative of nociception. A hypersensitivity of jejunal distension which possibly involves tachykinin NK2 receptors and is restricted to areas with mast cell hyperplagia is observed in rats infected 30 days previously with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. This study aimed to further investigate the role of mast cells, tachykinins and kinins in this intestinal hypersensitivity. The activity of a mast cell stabilizer (doxantrazole), kinin antagonists (des-Arg 10-[Leu9]-kallidin, B1, HOE 140, B2) and tachykinin antagonists (CP 99, 994, NK1, SR 142801, NK3) were tested against the distension-induced depressor responses in control and post-infected rats. The 30-day post-infection-induced hypersensitivity was significantly reduced by the mast cell stabilizer doxantrazole. The hypersensitivity had resolved in 90-day post-infected rats when mast cells levels had normalized. Des-Arg 10-[Leu9]-kallidin and HOE 140 did not inhibit the depressor responses in controls but produced a significant inhibition in 30-day post-infected rats. CP 99,994 inhibited the depressor responses in post-infected rats with an equal potency to that in control rats. SR 142801 was inactive in both groups. In conclusion, mast cells and kinin-mediated nociception appear to be involved in post-infection intestinal hypersensitivity whereas tachykinin NK1 and NK3 receptors do not.
Input Data Management (IDM) is a time consuming and costly process for Discrete Event Simulation (DES) projects. In this paper, a methodology for IDM in DES projects is described. The approach is to use a methodology to identify and collect data, then use an IDM software to extract and process the data. The IDM software will structure and present the data in Core Manufacturing Simulation Data (CMSD) format, which is aimed to be a standard data format for any DES software. The IDM methodology was previously developed and tested by Chalmers University of Technology in a case study in the automotive industry. This paper presents a second test implementation in a project at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in collaboration with an aerospace industry partner. 1 INTRODUCTION Discrete Event Simulation (DES) has proved itself to be an effective tool for complex processes analysis (Ericsson 2005; Banks et al. 2000). The drawback of using DES is the effort required and costs spent on processing the input data from various data sources to ensure valid simulation results. Large amount of time in a DES project is needed for gathering and extracting data (Skoogh and Johansson 2007). Most of the time, the needed information can be found in various Information Technology systems (IT-systems) in the companies. However, data is usually not in the right format required for DES and IT-systems do not have a standardized way of communicating with each other. This makes it hard to integrate several ITsystems and DES software and hence customized interfaces for exchanging information often need to be developed. A reusable, neutral, standardized interface should help reduce the effort and cost related to Input Data Management (IDM) in DES projects (Johansson et al. 2007). Researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have developed the Core Manufacturing Simulation Data (CMSD) specification (SISO 2009) to create a neutral format between common production software applications and DES tools. The concept has already been tested in pilot implementations in some case studies (Heilala et al. 2008, Johansson, and Zachrisson 2006, Johansson et al. 2007). For example, the CMSD was used to generate input data that can be reused for DES models developed using both Enterprise Dynamics (ED) and Plant Simulation (Johansson et al. 2007).
The application of element mapping in the scanning electron microscope with electron probe microanalysis across the lichen-rock interface is described with reference to Trapelia involuta growing on a granite substratum. The preparation of samples containing both organic and mineral components required the development of specialized techniques to maintain both chemical and structural integrity at the 2 mm resolution of the X-ray element maps. X-ray element maps show the distribution of entrained rock particles at the lichen-rock interface and chemical localization which is strongly related to anatomical structure for the essential elements S, Fe, Ca, Na, K and P. The ability to map element distribution across the lichenrock interface has wide-ranging potential applications in studies such as the biodeterioration of buildings and monuments and the mobilization and uptake of toxic elements from contaminated substrata. Fig. 4. X-ray element maps for K and P for a single apothecium from a second sample of T. involuta which was collected from a mine site in Cornwall to demonstrate the fine detail of element localization which can be resolved by X-ray element mapping. Abbreviations as in Fig. 1.
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