adjustment for FEV 1 , age, sex, smoking pack-years, oxygen saturation, cardiovascular and respiratory admissions; cardiovascular medications and diabetes. Patients on short-acting bronchodilators only were used as the controls. Results A total of 5048 patients were included in the study with mean age at diagnosis of 69.4 years and mean follow-up of 4.0 years. 623 were on long-acting bronchodilators only, 3510 on long-acting bronchodilator and ICS; and 915 controls. Crude hazard ratios are shown in Table 1 Conclusions LABA monotherapy does not confer any mortality benefit but when used in combination with ICS reduces both allcause and cardiovascular mortality. In contrast, LAMA whether given alone or in combination with a LABA and /or ICS reduces both all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. This 'real-life' study suggests that LABA should perhaps not be given as monotherapy but only in conjunction with a LAMA or ICS.
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