1 The effects of the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonist, L-2-amino-3-phosphonopropionate (L-AP3) on phosphoinositide turnover in neonatal rat cerebral cortex slices has been investigated. 2 accumulation which was similar in magnitude in both the absence and presence of IS, 3R-ACPD (300 UM). D-AP3 (1 mM) had no stimulatory effect alone and did not affect the response evoked by 1S, 3R-ACPD. L-AP3 (1 mM) also caused a large increase in Ins(1,4,5)P3 accumulation. The magnitude of the response (4-5 fold increase over basal) approached that evoked by a maximally effective concentration of 1S, 3R-ACPD, but differed substantially in the time-course of the response. The stimulatory effects of 1S, 3R-ACPD and L-AP3 on Ins(1,4,5)P3 accumulation were also similarly affected by decreases in extracellular calcium concentration. 4 Detailed analysis of the inositol phospholipid labelling pattern and the inositol (poly)phosphate isomeric species generated following addition of L-AP3 was also performed. In the continued presence of myo-[3H]-inositol, L-AP3 (1 mM) stimulated a significant increase in phosphatidylinositol labelling, but not that of the polyphosphoinositides, and the inositol (poly)phosphate profile suggested that substantial Ins(1,4,5)P3 metabolism occurs via both 5-phosphatase and 3-kinase routes. 5 A significant stimulatory effect of L-AP3 (1 mM) on [3H1-InsPx accumulation was also observed in neonatal rat hippocampus, and cerebral cortex and hippocampus slices prepared from adult rat brain. 6 These data demonstrate that whilst L-AP3 antagonizes mGluR-mediated phosphoinositide responses at concentrations of < 300 Mm, higher concentrations substantially stimulate this response. The ability of (±)-MCPG (1 mM) to attenuate significantly L-AP3-stimulated [3H]-InsPx accumulation, suggests that both the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of L-AP3 may be mediated by mGluRs.
Absolute and relative foot dimensions are two classifications of anthropometric measures that are of important consideration when designing footwear for males and females. Besides, it can also be of benefit to the clinicians in determining foot types and deformities. A localized, two-stage, stratified, Cross-sectional survey was conducted in 10 secondary schools involving male and female students with a total sample size of 518 (males: n= 235, 45.36% females: n 283, 54.63%) aged 10 to 18 years selected across different ethnic groups in public and private secondary schools in Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria. The independent t-test conducted on the students population shows that the males’ foot length were statistically significantly longer (left foot: 24.79±1.87cm; right foot: 24.77±1.89cm) than that of their females’ counterpart (left foot: 23.38±1.39cm; right foot: 23.40±1.35cm), (left foot: t (518) =9.8190; right foot: t (518) = 9.6080), p=0.0000). The males’ heel width were statistically significantly wider (left foot: 5.56±0.82cm; right foot: 5.63±0.84cm) than that of the females’ heel width (left foot: 5.29±0.72cm; right foot: 5.29±0.71cm), (left foot: t (518) =3.9520; right foot: t (518) = 4.9894), p=0.0000). Similarly, the ball width of the male students was statistically significantly wider (left foot: 9.23±0.98cm; right foot: 9.31±0.97cm) than that of the female students ball width (left foot: 8.70±0.72cm; right foot: 8.66±0.76cm), (left foot: t (518) =7.1435; right foot: t (518) = 8.5605), p=0.0000). A one-way ANOVA conducted on the children’s foot length, heel width and ball width at different age cohorts showed statistically significant difference between the four age groups. This study concluded that the absolute and relative foot dimensions of male children were larger than their female counterparts from the assessed parameters. The result also revealed statistically significant differences in foot dimensions at different age categories.
Phosphoinositidc-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) activity is stiinulatcd by a variety of hormones, neurotransmitters and growth factors to generatc inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins( 1,4,S)P3) and sri-. 1 ,?-diacylglycerol (DAG) from phosphatidylinositol 4.5bisphosphatc (PtdInsPZ) [I]. In studies examining the activation of ph(.sphoinositide turnover by receptors linked to PI-PLC activity via gu.ininc nuclcotidc binding proteins, evidence has generally bccn ob.aincd t o support the view that PI-PLC prefcrcntially hyrolyscs Ptdl nsP2 ovcr phosphatidylinositoI4-monophosphate (PtdlnsP) and phl sphatidylinositol (Ptdlns) [2][3][4].
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.