There is an evidence that ginger enhance semen quality via improving different sperm parameters mainly count, viability, motility, morphology and DNA integrity. According to research results in various species, ginger seems to have strong antioxidant properties (due to the presence of active phenolic compounds) and androgenic activity. Ginger improves semen quality and increases fertility of sperm by disrupting the production of free radicals, dissolving oxidative chain reactions, reducing oxidative stress and altering the levels of gonadotropin hormones (LH, FSH) and sex hormones (such as testosterone). The antioxidant and androgenic properties of ginger give a sperm with normal morphological structure (head, middle and tail) and more integrated chromatin. The rate of DNA failure and damage to the mitochondrial genome in these cells is minimal and they have the most progressive motility, the highest viability and the best fertility. Therefore, the use of the ginger significantly improves the biological parameters of sperm (number, total motility, survival rate and normal morphology) and also increases all specialized fertility indicators of sperm. Tacking account of lacking literature and possibility of toxicity and adverse effect of ginger on vital organ, further clinical trial especially on evaluating the safety and clinical effect must be considered. Also, dose and duration of consumption by monitoring of health indicators and biochemical changes in all species such as human, animal and poultry must be applied.
Background: This study was designed to investigate the frequency and tissue distribution of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) in turkeys with respiratory syndrome in Isfahan province.Materials & Methods: Totally, samples were taken from the trachea, lung, air sac, infraorbital sinus, hock joint, blood of heart, brain, liver, spleen, intestine, and kidney of 30 turkey flocks. After DNA extraction, a 787 bp fragment of 16S rRNA gene of ORT was amplified. Findings: The PCR results revealed that 53% of turkeys were infected by ORT. The results showed that although ORT was mainly found in the respiratory tract, it could be systemic and infect some other organs, including the joints, brain, liver, spleen, and blood of heart, but could not infect the intestines and kidneys.
Conclusion:Due to the lack of a clear pattern in tissue distribution of ORT among clinical samples, it seems that other factors play a role in ORT tissue distribution, such as dose, route, type of infection, and probably prevalent serotype.
Background: Influenza is a main viral disease in poultry production that causes various annual economic losses to the poultry production industry. Avian influenza virus (AIV) is susceptible to antigenic changes, and the genome of this virus codes different proteins some of which have more biological properties. The matrix (M) protein is one of these proteins that plays a role in the immunization and pathogenesis of the virus. Therefore, the evaluation of molecular characteristics and changes in the influenza gene can provide a new horizon for further genomic studies. Accordingly, in this study, the molecular characteristics of AI H9N2 strains were compared with those of other reference strains in the world gene bank by determining their M gene sequence. Methods: In this regard, 4 strains of AIV (H9N2) were selected for the analysis of the M gene sequence. The polymerase chain reaction product was sequenced after its purification from the gel and the amplification of the M gene. Finally, the nucleotide sequence of these strains and other reference strains were aligned and analyzed by MegAlign software using the Clustal W method. Results: The results indicated that the M gene sequences of AIVs belonging to the last decade were highly similar to each other and other reference strains in special regions such as the ionic gate and the cleavage site. Based on the M sequence, 3 strains appeared to be resistant to amantadine. These viruses in the epitope regions showed a high similarity to the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) Hong Kong H5N1 strain. Conclusions: In general, it seems that the sequence of the M gene in Iranian H9N2 strains belonging to the last decade is relatively constant although the continuous monitoring of changes in various genes of the influenza virus is necessary.
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