Background: The sunflower seeds which are popular in Syria and Mediterranean countries as a roasted or salted snack, supply a large number of nutritious components including protein and minerals. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the impact of indigenous Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) on phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), and protein content in seeds of confection-type hybrid sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). The indigenous AMF including Glomus intraradices, Glomus mosseae, and Glomus viscosum, were isolated from an agricultural field in Syria. The most abundant species (G. viscosum) was multiplied in monospecific culture. Method: Sunflower plants were inoculated with the mixture of three AMF species or with G. viscosum. The plants were harvested at full physiological maturity stage. Total N was determined using the Kjeldhal method and the detection of phosphorus was based on the colorimetric method. The rate of AMF-root colonization was determined microscopically by the gridline intersect method. Result: Seeds N and P content were enhanced by the inoculation of sunflower with single and mixture of AMF compared with non-AM plants. Higher content of N and P was observed in AMF mixture inoculation compared to individual inoculation with G. viscosum. The maximum protein concentration was found in the treatment of mixture AMF followed by individual inoculation with G. viscosum. The results indicated that mixed species of AMF were more species, and could be considered as a good inoculum for improving the seeds quality of sunflower grown under sustainable agriculture conditions.
The impact of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on agronomic characteristics of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was evaluated in a pot experiment. The indigenous AMF, including Glomus intraradices, Glomus mosseae, and Glomus viscosum, were isolated from an agricultural field in which cotton and sunflower plants were grown. The most abundant species (G. viscosum) was multiplied in a monospecific culture. Sunflower plants were inoculated with the mixture of three selected AMF species or solely with G. viscosum. The number of leaves, shoot length, head diameter, above ground biomass, and seeds mass were significantly higher in the plant inoculated with AMF mixture followed by individual inoculation with G. viscosum followed by the control. AMF mixture outperformed the G. viscosumby increasing mycorrhizal dependency and mycorrhizal inoculation effect of sunflower. The results indicate that AMF mixture could be considered as a good inoculum for improving growth and yield of sunflower in sustainable agriculture. Odziv sončnice na inokulacijo s posameznimi arbuskularnimi mikoriznimi glivami in njihovo mešanico: agronomske lastnostiIzvleček: V lončnem poskusu je bil ovrednoten vpliv samoniklih arbuskularnih mikoriznih gliv (AMG) na agronomske lastnosti sončnice (Helianthus annuus L.). Samonikle AMG, Glomus intraradices, Glomus mosseae, in Glomus viscosum, so bile izolirane iz poljskih tal, kjer sta rastla bombaž in sončnice. Najbolj pogosta vrsta, G. viscosum, je bila namnožena v enovrstni kulturi. Sončnice so bile inokulirane z mešanico treh izbranih AMG ali pa samo z vrsto, G. viscosum. Vrednosti parametrov kot so število listov, dolžina poganjkov, premer koškov, nadzemna biomasa in masa semen so bile značilno večje, kadar so bile rastline inokulirane z mešanico AMG kot pri inokulaciji samo z vrsto G. viscosum in najmanjše pri kontroli. Mešanica mikoriznih gliv se je izkazala boljša kot samo uporaba vrste G. viscosum zaradi povečane odvisnosti sončnice od mikorize in povečanega učinka mikorizne inokulacije na sončnico. Rezultati nakazujejo, da bi bila inokulacija sončnice z mešanico mikoriznih gliv dober postopek za izboljšanje njene rasti in pridelka v trajnostnem kmetijstvu.
A sandy clay loam soil was used to study the effect of (a) urea application at rates equivalent to 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm‐N, at moisture content level of 100 % WHC, and (b) soil moisture levels of 30, 60 and 100 % of the WHC in addition to water‐logging conditions, when urea was applied at the rate of 500 ppm‐N, on urea‐N transformations. In both cases, the incubation took place at 30°C and lasted for 6 weeks. The experiments were carried out in a closed system daily aerated. Complete hydrolysis of the added urea was attained after 1, 2 and 3 weeks for 250, 500 and 1000 ppm urea‐N, respectively. Six weeks incubation period was not enough for full hydrolysis of the 2000 ppm urea‐N. The rate of urea hydrolysis increased linearly for urea concentration up to 1000 ppm N. This concentration must have been sufficient to saturate the urease present in the soil used. The peak of NO 2−N was higher the higher the rate of urea applied. Delay of the nitrate formation was always accompanied by the accumulation of nitrites. At the end of the experiment, the nitrate‐N formed represented 93,90,77 and only 20 % of the initially applied nitrogen for 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm‐urea‐N, respectively. The rate as well as the total ammonia loss increased with increasing the rate of urea application. No appreciable differences were observed in urea hydrolysis due to the variations in moisture levels within the range of WHC. Under water‐logging conditions, urea hydrolysis was slower and extended to the 6th week, also the rate of urea hydrolysis was no more than 50 % of the rate produced in moisture treatments within WHC. NO 2−N accumulation persisted for one week in the moisture levels within the range of WHC, while it continued in the water‐logged treatment till the end of the experiment. Nitrate formation was slightly favoured at 100 % WHC and decreased somewhat with lowering the soil moisture levels. However, it was completely inhibited under water‐logging conditions. Ammonia volatilization was not markedly affected by moisture levels within WHC, however, the water‐logged treatment showed the highest total loss.
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