Saxifraga ligulata belongs to family saxifragaceae, is an accepted source of ayurvedic medicine Pashanabheda. This plant has been already recognized for its role in dissolving kidney stone. This review supports all updated information on its chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, traditional uses and scientific approach. The chemical entities of this plant have been used as an Antibacterial, Antiviral, Antipyretic, Antidiabetic, Anti inflammatory, Diuretic, Antiurolithiatic, Antioxidant, Antitussive and Hepatoprotective. This review is studied for the further development of various formulations for their traditional use and Pharmacological activities.
Atrophic vaginitis is a condition that arises when there is insufficient estrogen, resulting in a failure of the maturation of the vaginal epithelium. This is seen in any condition in which there is a significant decrease in estrogen production. (E.g. breast-feeding, natural menopause, women younger than 50 who have had a bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and women receiving progesterone therapy in the absence of estrogen). Atrophic vaginitis can also result from women receiving therapy that suppresses ovarian function thereby causing depletion in estrogen. The patient with atrophic vaginitis typically presents with vulvovaginal burning, itching, dysuria, dyspareunia and vaginal bleeding. The introitus and vagina become traumatized during sexual intercourse. These patients often experience bleeding during and after sexual intercourse. The bladder, urethra and vagina share a common embryonic origin. These organs are all hormones dependent and suffer the same consequences when estrogen is no longer available. The estrogen deprived patient can develop urinary frequency, urgency, bladder irritation and dysuria. The diagnosis can be established by noting that the vaginal epithelium is pale pink to almost white, rugae are absent, and the vaginal walls appears smooth. The pH >5, and discharge is dirty gray to green. In this review an attempt has been made to focus on treatment for atrophic vaginitis condition. As, in countries like India patients are not very open to talk about this condition.
Advanced delivery systems, such as nano/micro carriers have not been studied significantly for their molecular interactions with serum proteins and other biologically relevant macromolecules. Here, we investigated the effect of surface chemistry of iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles on molecular interactions with human insulin by fluorescence, XRD and FTIR spectroscopy. Nanoparticles of Fe3O4 were chemically modified as Fe3O4-glutathione (GSH) and Fe3O4-GSH-polyamidoamine generation 4 (PAMAM G4) dendrimer. Our results demonstrate that, Fe3O4 and its conjugates such as Fe3O4-GSH, Fe3O4-GSH-G4 quenched insulin fluorescence, indicating strong interactions between insulin protein molecule and Fe3O4. The fluorescence quenching constants Ksv were obtained as 0.0367 x 10(3), 0.0303 x 10(3) and 0.0131 x 10(3) M and the binding constant K were found to be 27.095, 8.404 and 6.026 mM for Fe3O4, Fe3O4-GSH and Fe3O4-GSH-PAMAM G4, respectively. Both the Ksv and K (binding constant) values revealed that the interaction of Fe3O4 with insulin to be stronger over to dendrimer conjugates. In addition, the FTIR spectra suggested that the presence of nanoparticles results in secondary structure alteration in the insulin conformation. The study implies the critical evaluation of new delivery systems in establishing the biocompatibility, especially when delivered by systemic route.
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