Entomologists have often used computational modeling to study the dynamics of insects in agricultural landscapes. Recently, important issues such as the movement of adults and immatures associated with insect resistance to GMO (genetically modi ed organism) crops, have been addressed using computational models. Further studies are needed, especially of structured landscapes composed of GMO plants and alternative hosts that insect pests can exploit. We developed an individual-based model using the cellular automata approach (CA) to investigate how an intercropping system composed of transgenic maize (Bacillus thuringiensis), refuge areas (non-Bt maize), and grasses combined with offseason periods might in uence the evolution of resistance in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), one of the leading agricultural pests targeted by GMOs. We designed the Bt and non-Bt plants in two different arrangements: a) a seed mixture and b) alternate rows, adding grasses in areas adjacent to the eld. We added the seasonal planting dynamics (crop season and off-season), to evaluate a total of six agricultural scenarios. We followed a crop calendar from the United States to create simulations close to agricultural practice. The results showed that the frequency of the resistance allele was strongly related to the landscape arrangements and their dynamics. Since the adult insects are mobile, the seedmixture scenario increased the frequency of the resistance allele the most, followed by alternate rows. Finally, grass elds can help to manage S. frugiperda Bt resistance in the agricultural scenarios.
Entomologists have often used computational modeling to study the dynamics of insects in agricultural landscapes. Recently, important issues such as the movement of adults and immatures associated with insect resistance to GMO (genetically modified organism) crops, have been addressed using computational models. Further studies are needed, especially of structured landscapes composed of GMO plants and alternative hosts that insect pests can exploit. We developed an individual-based model using the cellular automata approach (CA) to investigate how an intercropping system composed of transgenic maize (Bacillus thuringiensis), refuge areas (non-Bt maize), and grasses combined with off-season periods might influence the evolution of resistance in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), one of the leading agricultural pests targeted by GMOs. We designed the Bt and non-Bt plants in two different arrangements: a) a seed mixture and b) alternate rows, adding grasses in areas adjacent to the field. We added the seasonal planting dynamics (crop season and off-season), to evaluate a total of six agricultural scenarios. We followed a crop calendar from the United States to create simulations close to agricultural practice. The results showed that the frequency of the resistance allele was strongly related to the landscape arrangements and their dynamics. Since the adult insects are mobile, the seed-mixture scenario increased the frequency of the resistance allele the most, followed by alternate rows. Finally, grass fields can help to manage S. frugiperda Bt resistance in the agricultural scenarios.
Ao meu Deus toda minha gratidão pela vida e por sentir Sua presença em todos os momentos: nas descobertas, no insucesso, nas pessoas, na natureza, no comportamento dos insetos... À minha irmã amada, Mileny, pela companhia carinhosa na hora do café, presencial ou virtual, e pelas longas conversas. Te amo, Jajá! Aos meus tios, primos e em especial meus avós, vovô Dé, vovó Zezé e vó Sebinha, pelo carinho e por acreditarem em mim.Ao meu orientador, Wesley Godoy, por ter sido um grande amigo nessa fase que foi a mais desafiadora até o momento. Pelos conselhos, nem sempre sobre ciência, mas sobre a vida.Ao meu coorientador e pai da Luna, Adriano Garcia, por ter me apresentado a modelagem computacional, pela imensa paciência e amizade.Ao meu amigo e colaborador deste trabalho, Igor Weber (Igu), pelo companheirismo, ensinamentos compartilhados e muitas perturbações (boas) durante os dias de trabalho.Ao pesquisador Eric Weinberg, por ter feito parte desse desafio e pela colaboração nesta pesquisa.Aos pesquisadores e co-autores de parte desse trabalho, Josimeri Jamielnyak, Eduardo Engel, Mirian Hay-Roe, pela parceria e profissionalismo.Aos meus pastores, Irineu e Laurice, pelas orações, palavras de sabedoria e carinho.Às minhas amigas de longa data, Aninha, Glória, Andressa, Rosana e Karol por todo carinho e por torcerem por mim. Sou grata a Deus por ter vocês.Aos meus amados amigos/irmãos da igreja Assembleia de Deus Min. do Belém em Piracicaba, que fizeram minha vida mais feliz, leve e abençoada. Amo vocês! Aos meus amigos da Entomologia da Esalq, atuais e passados, pelo companheirismo no dia a dia de trabalho, nos anseios e nas muitas conquistas. Vocês são demais!À Esalq e ao Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, por possibilitarem a realização desse trabalho.À CAPES, FAPESP através do SPARCBio, pela concessão das bolsas de estudos.Àqueles que cruzaram meu caminho de forma singela e, por vezes até acidental, mas que de alguma maneira deixaram boas lembranças em minha memória, agradeço.Deus os abençoe grandemente. Muito obrigada! "But ask the animals, and they will teach you, or the birds in the sky, and they will tell you; or speak to the earth, and it will teach you, or let the fish in the sea inform you. Which of all these does not know that the hand of the Lord has done this? In his hand is the life of every creature and the breath of all mankind."Job 12:7-10 RESUMO Ecologia do movimento e relações funcionais em inimigos naturais de Spodoptera frugiperdaEstudar as nuances de um agroecossistema para que programas de manejo de pragas envolvendo a combinação de plantas transgênicas e inimigos naturais seja sustentável ambientalmente e economicamente é um grande desafio. Dessa forma, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar a interação de práticas de manejo sobre os inimigos naturais de Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), considerando um cenário agrícola composto de plantas Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) e diferentes genótipos da praga. Conduzimos um estudo para investigar, primeiramente, se diferentes genót...
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