Despite the huge advances made in the petroleum sector regarding the innovation of its technological processes, there are still some troubling problems. An example of this refers to the water produced. Treatment and disposal has become one of the biggest challenges in the oil industry. The problem consists in the difficulty of degradation of the compounds to an adequate level that allows the safe disposal in the environment, ensuring the possibility of reuse or disposal in the standards established by the environmental agencies. This fact has encouraged researchers to direct studies to find alternatives capable of efficiently removing the contaminants present in this water at a lower cost compared to other existing technologies. Thus, the purpose of this work is to use adsorbent materials with high porosity and high silica content, such as sugarcane bagasse and rice, in order to remove the crude oil content present in the water produced. The adsorption process of the crude oil on the surface of each support occurred at predetermined intervals and with different concentrations of contaminant and adsorbent. A factorial modeling mapping (3²) was performed to evaluate the effect of the interactions between the concentrations of each support in relation to the contaminant. From the results obtained, it was verified that the calcination of sugarcane bagasse and rice was fundamental for the efficiency of the system. In all the systems an increase of the percentage of removal using these adsorbents was observed, suggesting that both represent a promising application in the advance of technologies responsible for the treatment of the water produced.
RESUMOUmas das técnicas mais utilizadas até hoje para auxiliar o aumento da produção de óleo e gás de reservatórios subterrâneos é o fraturamento hidráulico. Nesta técnica, um fluido viscoso é bombeado para o fundo do poço a uma pressão suficientemente elevada, visando à criação de uma fratura de alta condutividade na formação de interesse. O fluido de fraturamento (gel de fraturamento) transporta sólidos responsáveis pela sustentação da fratura (areia, bauxita ou cerâmica) os quais asseguram a existência de um canal efetivo e permanentemente aberto ao fluxo de hidrocarbonetos após o fim do bombeio. Normalmente, as soluções poliméricas são extensivamente utilizadas na preparação desses géis. Uma característica importante destes é ser facilmente quebrado no fim da operação, para que os seus resíduos não venham a tamponar os poros recém--criados. De acordo com a literatura, um gel completamente quebrado (Linear ou reticulado) é aquele cuja viscosidade é aproximadamente menor que 10 cP. Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho consiste em avaliar a eficiência de diferentes tipos e concentrações (5%, 15%, 30%) dos "quebradores de gel" (Ácido Clorídrico, Persulfato de amônio e cloreto de cálcio) em função das propriedades reológicas do fluido de fraturamento. De acordo com os resultados obtidos podemos afirmar que o HCl 15% utilizado como quebrador, apesar de promover a quebra completa do gel acaba gerando alguns transtornos associados ao reservatório, podendo promover obstruções e acarretando um aumento no dano a formação. O cloreto de cálcio funcionou mais como um agente de precipitação do que propriamente como um quebrador. Assim, o persulfato de amônio, foi entre os quebradores estudados, o mais eficiente no processo de faturamento hidráulico tendo em vista os menores valores de viscosidade. PALAVRAS--CHAVE:Fraturamento hidráulico, géis de fraturamento, quebrador de géis. INFLUENCE OF TYPE AND CONCENTRATION OF GEL BREAKERS IN HYDRAULIC FRACTURING PROCESS ABSTRACTNowadays, one of the most important techniques used to promote the increase of production of oil and gas in reservoirs is the hydraulic fracturing. This technique, a viscous fluid is pumped to borehole under high pressure, aiming the creating of fracture with high conductivity about zone of interest. The fracturing fluid (fracturing gel) transports solids responsible to suspend the fracture zone (sand, bauxite or ceramic material), which are responsible to promote an effective canal and permanently opened about the flux of hydrocarbons after to finish the pumping. Normally, polymeric solutions are extensively used to prepare fracturing gels. These hydrogels present high viscosity in low concentrations of polymer. One important characteristic refers to the gel break process after the fracturing process due to possibility of obstruction by residues generated during this process. A gel is considered totally broken (linear or crosslinked) when its viscosity reaches values below 10 cP. In this context, the main objective of this work is evaluate the performance of ...
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