Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in women worldwide. Especially for women, traditional risk factors fail to explain most cases, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from CVD. Risk factors inherent to the female sex and psychosocial aspects play an essential role in the development of CVD in women. Efforts need to be made to narrow the gap in diagnosis and treatment among women, especially younger ones, among whom CVD prevalence is increasing worldwide. 1 Ischemic heart disease (IHD) remains a major threat to public health, and the overall burden is increasing globally. The GBD 2019 Study estimated 126.5 (95% UI, 118.6-134.7) million prevalent cases of IHD in 2019 globally. Agestandardized rates for DALYs, deaths, and prevalent cases declined from 1990 to 2019, probably due to population growth and aging. 2 In addition, IHD was the leading cause of death and DALYs in Brazil in 2019 for both males (12.22% of total death -95% UI, 11.5%-12.77%; annual percent change -0.022) and females (12.03% of total death -95% UI, 10.66%-12.88%; annual percent change 0.07). It is important to note that there has been an increase in the annual percent change in mortality from IHD in women in recent years (Figure 1). 3 The GBD 2017 estimated 1736 (95% UI, 1689-1779) DALYs lost per 100 000 individuals due to IHD, with lower rates for females (1127; 95% UI, 1084-1163) than for males (2153; 95% UI, 2067-2216), in 2017 in Brazil. From 1990 to 2017, there was a decline in DALYs lost for both males (-47%) and females (-52%) in all Brazilian Federative Units (Figure 2). 4In addition, the GBD 2017 estimated 84 events of IHD per 100 000 inhabitants in 2017 in Brazil. The age-standardized incidence was 104 per 100 000 inhabitants for males and 58 per 100 000 for females. 4 The GBD 2017 estimated a prevalence of IHD in 2017 of 2229 (95% UI, 2098-2372) and 1008 (95% UI, 938-1081) per 100 000 inhabitants for males and females, respectively. The IHD prevalence increased in both sexes from 1990 to 2017 (Figure 3). 4 Mortality due to myocardial infarctionMyocardial infarction (MI) is the leading cause of death in Brazil nowadays. The MI mortality rate decreased between 1996 and 2019, in both sexes, especially among females, being more relevant in the state capitals than in the inner areas. 4 According to the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) Department of Information Technology (DATASUS), there were 142 982 hospital admissions for MI in 2018, with inhospital mortality of 11%. In 2018, the DATASUS registered 10 811 primary angioplasties for MI, with in-hospital mortality of 6.3% and a mean length of hospital stay of 5.1 days. In 2018, the total amount reimbursed for coronary
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.