A single non-anaesthetic dose of ketamine, a non-competitive NMDA receptor (NMDAR) antagonist with hallucinogenic properties, induces cognitive impairment and psychosis, and aggravates schizophrenia symptoms in patients. In conscious rats an equivalent dose of ketamine induces key features of animal models of acute psychosis, including hyperlocomotor activity, deficits in prepulse inhibition and gating of auditory evoked potentials, and concomitantly increases the power of ongoing spontaneously occurring gamma (30-80 Hz) oscillations in the neocortex. This study investigated whether NMDAR antagonist-induced aberrant gamma oscillations could be modulated by acute treatment with typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs. Extradural electrodes were surgically implanted into the skull of adult male Wistar rats. After recovery, rats were subcutaneously administered either clozapine (1-5 mg/kg, n=7), haloperidol (0.05-0.25 mg/kg; n=8), LY379268 (a preclinical agonist at mGluR2/3 receptors: 0.3-3 mg/kg; n=5) or the appropriate vehicles, and 30 min later received ketamine (5 mg/kg s.c.). Quantitative measures of EEG gamma power and locomotor activity were assessed throughout the experiment. All three drugs significantly reduced the power of baseline EEG gamma oscillations by 30-50%, an effect most prominent after LY379268, and all inhibited ketamine-induced hyperlocomotor activity. However, only pretreatment with LY379268 attenuated trough-to-peak ketamine-induced gamma hyperactivity. These results demonstrate that typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs acutely reduce cortical gamma oscillations, an effect that may be related to their clinical efficacy.
Candidaemia accounts for a significant proportion of systemic fungal infections, with Candida glabrata (C. glabrata) becoming prominent in recent decades. We describe a unique case where postoperative urinary retention and C. glabrata UTI led to invasive fungaemia with bladder necrosis. A 37-year-old previously well nulliparous woman underwent an elective diagnostic laparoscopy, hysteroscopy dilation and curettage, and dye studies for investigation of infertility. She re-presented six days post procedure with C. glabrata urosepsis with a subsequent laparoscopy on day 16 revealing fungal plaques in the bladder, and a large necrotic defect in the bladder dome. The patient was managed with bilateral nephrostomies, a pelvic drain and antifungal therapy. Four weeks post-insertion of the nephrostomies, a cystogram revealed spontaneous closure of bladder defect. The nephrostomies were removed and antibiotics and antifungals continued for a month until negative urine cultures were attained. The patient was well four months after discharge with mild urinary symptoms. The literature has reported two cases of candida UTIs resulting in bezoars and bladder rupture, occurring only in immunocompromised patients. This case highlights the challenges of C. glabrata sepsis and its potential for severe morbidity in a non-immunocompromised patient, suggesting the need for guidelines in the early detection and treatment of C. glabrata sepsis.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.