No abstract

Background Plants are continuously exposed to changing environmental conditions and biotic attacks that affect plant growth. In crops, the inability to respond appropriately to stress has strong detrimental effects on agricultural production and yield. Ca 2+ signalling plays a fundamental role in the response of plants to most abiotic and biotic stresses. However, research on stimulus-specific Ca 2+ signals has mostly been pursued in Arabidopsis thaliana , while in other species these events are little investigated . Results In this study, we introduced the Ca 2+ reporter-encoding gene APOAEQUORIN into the crop species barley ( Hordeum vulgare ). Measurements of the dynamic changes in [Ca 2+ ] cyt in response to various stimuli such as NaCl, mannitol, H 2 O 2 , and flagellin 22 (flg22) revealed the occurrence of dose- as well as tissue-dependent [Ca 2+ ] cyt transients. Moreover, the Ca 2+ signatures were unique for each stimulus, suggesting the involvement of different Ca 2+ signalling components in the corresponding stress response. Alongside, the barley Ca 2+ signatures were compared to those produced by the phylogenetically distant model plant Arabidopsis. Notable differences in temporal kinetics and dose responses were observed, implying species-specific differences in stress response mechanisms. The plasma membrane Ca 2+ channel blocker La 3+ strongly inhibited the [Ca 2+ ] cyt response to all tested stimuli, indicating a critical role of extracellular Ca 2+ in the induction of stress-associated Ca 2+ signatures in barley. Moreover, by analysing spatio-temporal dynamics of the [Ca 2+ ] cyt transients along the developmental gradient of the barley leaf blade we demonstrate that different parts of the barley leaf show quantitative differences in [Ca 2+ ] cyt transients in response to NaCl and H 2 O 2 . There were only marginal differences in the response to flg22, indicative of developmental stage-dependent Ca 2+ responses specifically to NaCl and H 2 O 2 . Conclusion This study reveals tissue-specific Ca 2+ signals with stimulus-specific kinetics in the crop species barley, as well as quantitative differences al...