The main obstacle in antimycobacterial discovery is the extremely slow growth rates of pathogenic mycobacteria that lead to the long incubation times needed in antimycobacterial screening. Some in vitro testings has been developed and are currently available for antimycobacterial screening. The aim of the study was to compare Resazurin Microplate Assay (REMA) and Crystal Violet Decolorization Assay (CVDA) for testing mycobacteria susceptibility to isoniazid and rifampicin as well as for antimycobacterial screening of natural products (NP). Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv and Mycobacterium smegmatis strain mc2 155 were used as tested mycobacteria. Serial two-fold dilutions from 0.0625 to 1.0 μg/mL for the isoniazid and rifampicin and from 6.25 to 100.0 μg/mL for the NP A and B were prepared. Tested mycobacteria were then incubated with tested drugs or NPs in each growth medium at 37 °C for 7 days for M. tuberculosis and 3 days for M. smegmatis . MIC values against M. tuberculosis were interpreted 24–48 h after adding resazurin or at least 72 h after adding crystal violet, whereas MIC values against M. smegmatis were interpreted 1 h after adding resazurin or 24 h after adding crystal violet. The MIC values against M. tuberculosis interpreted by REMA were 0.0625, 0.0625, 6.25, and >100 μg/mL for rifampicin, isoniazid, NP A, and NP B, respectively, and those interpreted by CVDA were 0.0625, 0.0625, 6.25, and >100 μg/mL for rifampicin, isoniazid, NP A, and NP B, respectively. Moreover, the MIC values against M. smegmatis interpreted by REMA were 0.0625, >1, 6.25, and 100 μg/mL for rifampicin, isoniazid, NP A, and NP B, respectively, and those interpreted by CVDA were 0.125, >1, 6.25, and >100 μg/mL for rifampicin, isoniazid, NP A, NP B respectively. In conclusion, REMA is faster and easier than CVDA to interpret MIC values, however CVDA produces higher MIC values than REMA for rifampicin and NP B in M. smegmatis susceptibility testing. Therefore, REMA and CVDA can be used for antimycobacterial screening.
Ciprofloxacin is recommended for complicated urinary tract infection (UTIs) caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens included Escherichia coli. However, its optimum dose for UTIs remains uncertain that may cause the bacterial resistance. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of ciprofloxacin concentrations on the resistance of E. coli. The in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/ PD) models of ciprofloxacin 750 mg oral dose twice a day for one daywas compared to that dose of 500 mg twice a day for three days.Pharmacokinetic parameters i.e.AUC 0-24 and C max. and pharmacodynamic parameter i.e. MIC of ciprofloxacin against E. coli which previously had MIC of 0.5 µg/mL were determined. The PK/ PD parameters combination of ciprofloxacin included AUC 0-24 /MIC, C max /MIC, and T>MIC ratio were used to evaluate its antimicrobial activities which was measured based on kill and re-growth rates of bacterial colony after the ciprofloxacin administration. The result showed that MIC value against E. coli increase to 8-16 and 32-64 µg/mL after ciprofloxacin 750 and 500 mg administration, respectively, indicating the emergence of resistance. Both doses of ciprofloxacin were able to reduce the number of bacterial colony in the first two hours administration. However, after two hours administration, those both doses could make re-growth of bacterial colony. The value of AUC 0-24 /MIC (120.42±1.27 vs.92.62±9.36), C max /MIC (4.75±0.21 vs. 3.26±0.30), and (T>MIC 89.58±7.22 vs. 76.39±9.39) after ciprofloxacin administration at dose of 750 mg were higher than those at dose of 500 mg. The increase of AUC 0-24 /MIC and C max /MIC values could reduce the number of bacteria colony, however could not for T>MIC value. In conclusion, the AUC 0-24 /MIC and C max / MIC parameters of ciprofloxacincan be used to evaluate its activity. In addition, ciprofloxacin twice per day at dose 500 mg for three days and 750 mg for one day are not different in the inhibition of E. coli resistance emergence.
Latar Belakang : Jejas kimia formalin dapat memacu terbentuknya senyawa reactive oxygen species (ROS) yang dapatmenyebabkan kerusakan seluler tubuh. Kulit manggis dikenal sebagai antioksidan alamiah dari kandungan xanton didalamnya.Tujuan: mengetahui efek pemberian ekstrak kulit manggis terhadap gambaran histopatologi hepar pada tikus wistaryang diinduksi larutan formalin.Metode Penelitian : 24 ekor tikus dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok . Kelompok pertama merupakan kelompok kontrol negatif(K-), hanya diberi placebo saja hingga masa terminasi. Kelompok kedua merupakan kelompok kontrol positif (K+) yangdiinduksi formalin peroral selama 21 hari, kemudian diberi placebo selama 7 hari. Kelompok ketiga sebagai kelompokPerlakuan 1 (P1) yang diinduksi formalin peroral selama 21 hari kemudian diberi ekstrak kulit manggis 200mg/kg BB/hari selama 7 hari. Kelompok keempat sebagai kelompok Perlakuan 2 (P2) yang diinduksi formalin peroral selama 21hari kemudian diberi ekstrak kulit manggis 400mg/kg BB/hari selama 7 hari. Setelah itu tikus diterminasi dan diambilorgan heparnya untuk dibuat preparat histopatologi.Hasil : Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan (p=0,008) gambaran histopatologi jaringan hepar pada kelompok tikus yangdiberi ekstrak kulit manggis 400mg/kg BB/hari (P2) dengan kelompok kontrol positif (K+). Tidak terdapat perbedaanyang signifikan (p=0,715) gambaran histopatologi jaringan hepar pada kelompok tikus yang diberi ekstrak kulitmanggis 200mg/kg BB/hari (P1) dengan kelompok kontrol positif (K+). Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan (0,00)gambaran histopatologi jaringan hepar kelompok kontrol negatif (K-) dengan ketiga kelompok yang diinduksi formalin,baik diberi ekstrak kulit manggis (P1 dan P2) maupun yang tidak (K+)Kata kunci : formalin, kulit manggis, gambaran histopatologi hepar.
Introduction: In Indonesia, the most commom uropatogen E. coli resistance has been to ampicillin (91.9%), ciprof loxacin (83.7%) and cefixime (67.6%). α-mangostin, a chemical compound, has been developed as a new antibiotics isolaated from herbal Garcinia mangostana L, but its effectiveness against multiresistant uropathogenic E. Coli has not been established.Objective: This study examined the effect of α-mangostin on growth of multiresistant E. coliMethods: α-mangostin Treatment of E. coli uropatogen bacteria was administered in vitro, using 14 levels of concentration 14; 28,13; 56.25; 112.5;225; And 450 μg/mL with 4 times replication at each concentration. The antibacterial activity of α-mangostin was determined by evaluating bacterial growth at each concentration using the indirect method by sample absorbance reading. The Samples of uropatogen of E. coli treated with various doses of α-mangostin were incubated for 18-20 hours and then subjected to the absorbance reading using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer λ 625 nm.Results: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in this study was 450 mg/mL. Based on linear regression (STATA 13.1) relationship betweenα-mangostin concentrations and bacterial growth inhibition activity showed 0.0001 <0.05 showing that all concentrations of α-mangostin simultaneously had a significant effect on the growth of uropathogenic E. coli.Conclusion: α-mangostin has not been effective to inhibit the growth of multiresistent uropathogentic E. coli due to a relatively high MIC (450 mcg/mL).a Potentially relevant activity in the clinical setting will occur if the value of the MIC of a substance in vitro <100 μg /mL. Even the pharmaceutical industry prefers the development of antibiotics with in vitro MIC value of ≤ 2 μg/mL.
Malassezia furfur merupakan flora normal yang terdapat pada kulit manusia, namun dapat menjadi patogen pada pasien imunosupresi. Di Indonesia, penyakit kulit pityriasis versicolor (hampir 50% penyakit kulit) disebabkan oleh M. furfur. Ketokonazol merupakan obat yang paling umum digunakan untuk pengobatan infeksi M. furfur, namun diketahui memiliki efek samping kerusakan hati. Oleh sebab itu perlu dilakukan pengembangan antijamur yang lebih aman. Cuka nanas mempunyai potensi sebagai antijamur karena mengandung senyawa saponin dan tanin. Penelitian ini melakukan uji kadar hambat minimal (KHM) cuka nanas dengan metode twofold dilution pewarnaan Resazurin Microplate Assay (REMA). Konsentrasi cuka nanas yang digunakan berada pada rentang 62.5-4000 µg/mL. Analisis regresi digunakan untuk menilai hubungan antara konsentrasi cuka nanas dengan pertumbuhan jamur M. furfur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi cuka nanas 4000 µg/mL belum dapat menghambat pertumbuhan jamur M. furfur. Namun, berdasarkan hasil uji regresi linier sederhana, diketahui terdapat hubungan antara peningkatan konsentrasi cuka nanas terhadap pertumbuhan jamur dengan persamaan garis y = -0,000097x + 5,88 dan nilai korelasi determinasi (R2) 0,729 = 72,9 % (p=0,000). Peningkatan dosis uji cuka nanas mungkin dapat bermanfaat untuk menghambat pertumbuhan jamur M. furfur.
Mycobacterium smegmatis infrequently causes infection, but it is easy to be pathogenic in immunosuppressed patients. Many reported that M. smegmatis resistance to several antibiotics became an impetus for searching for new antimicrobials. Therefore, this study aims to prove the effect of Pecut Kuda leaf extract (Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl) on the growth of M. smegmatis mc2 155. This research is an experimental study with a post-test control group design. The susceptibility test was carried out using the two-fold microdilution method and resazurin staining. The concentration of Pecut Kuda leaf ethanol extract was prepared in the concentration range of 10000.0 – 625.0 µg/ml. Phytochemical analysis of the content of saponins, tannins, flavonoids, and alkaloids was also carried out on Pecut Kuda leaf ethanol extract. Pecut Kuda leaf ethanol extract can inhibit the growth of M. smegmatis with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 5000 µg/ml (very weak activity) because, at the highest concentration of 10000 µg/ml, M. smegmatis still cannot be killed. Furthermore, Pecut Kuda leaf ethanol extract contains saponins, tannins, flavonoids, and alkaloids which are known to have antibacterial activity. However, further evaluation is needed to maximize the antibacterial activity of Pecut Kuda leaf extract, for example, by fractionating the extract.
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